Fulvene — Isomere benzoider Verbindungen

In ihrem Bindungszustand und ihrer Reaktivität nehmen die Fulvene eine Mittelstellung zwischen den ihnen isomeren benzoiden Verbindungen und den Olefinen ein. In Abhängigkeit von den Substituenten am exocyclischen C-Atom bestimmen der Diencharakter des gekreuzt konjugierten Systems oder die cyclische Konjugation im fünfgliedrigen Ring das chemische und physikalische Verhalten der Fulvene. Neben einigen neuen Substitutionsreaktionen werden besonders Synthesen und Reaktionen von den mit Anilinen und Phenolen isomeren 6-Amino- und 6-Hydroxy-fulvenen beschrieben. Derivate dieser Verbindungen ermöglichen die Darstellung neuartiger nichtbenzoider, cyclisch konjugierter Systeme wie carbo- und hetero-cyclischer Azulene, Pseudoazulene, Thiepine, Dihydropyridazine und des s-Indacens

Competing charge transfer pathways at the photosystem II-electrode interface.

The integration of the water-oxidation enzyme photosystem II (PSII) into electrodes allows the electrons extracted from water oxidation to be harnessed for enzyme characterization and to drive novel endergonic reactions. However, PSII continues to underperform in integrated photoelectrochemical systems despite extensive optimization efforts. Here we carried out protein-film photoelectrochemistry using spinach and Thermosynechococcus elongatus PSII, and we identified a competing charge transfer pathway at the enzyme-electrode interface that short-circuits the known water-oxidation pathway. This undesirable pathway occurs as a result of photo-induced O2 reduction occurring at the chlorophyll pigments and is promoted by the embedment of PSII in an electron-conducting fullerene matrix, a common strategy for enzyme immobilization. Anaerobicity helps to recover the PSII photoresponse and unmasks the onset potentials relating to the QA/QB charge transfer process. These findings impart a fuller understanding of the charge transfer pathways within PSII and at photosystem-electrode interfaces, which will lead to more rational design of pigment-containing photoelectrodes in general.This work was supported by the U.K. Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/H00338X/2 to E. Reisner), the U.K. Biology and Biotechnological Sciences Research Council (BB/K010220/1 to E. Reisner), a Marie Curie International Incoming Fellowship (PIIF-GA-2012-328085 RPSII to J.J.Z.). N.P. was supported by the Winton Fund for the Physics of Sustainability. E. Romero. and R.v.G. were supported by the VU University Amsterdam, the Laserlab-Europe Consortium, the TOP grant (700.58.305) from the Foundation of Chemical Sciences part of NWO, the Advanced Investigator grant (267333, PHOTPROT) from the European Research Council, and the EU FP7 project PAPETS (GA 323901). R.v.G. gratefully acknowledges his `Academy Professor' grant from the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW). We would also like to thank Miss Katharina Brinkert and Prof A. William Rutherford for a sample of T. elongatus PSII, and H. v. Roon for preparation of the spinach PSII samples

Fulvene — Isomere benzoider Verbindungen

In ihrem Bindungszustand und ihrer Reaktivität nehmen die Fulvene eine Mittelstellung zwischen den ihnen isomeren benzoiden Verbindungen und den Olefinen ein. In Abhängigkeit von den Substituenten am exocyclischen C-Atom bestimmen der Diencharakter des gekreuzt konjugierten Systems oder die cyclische Konjugation im fünfgliedrigen Ring das chemische und physikalische Verhalten der Fulvene. Neben einigen neuen Substitutionsreaktionen werden besonders Synthesen und Reaktionen von den mit Anilinen und Phenolen isomeren 6-Amino- und 6-Hydroxy-fulvenen beschrieben. Derivate dieser Verbindungen ermöglichen die Darstellung neuartiger nichtbenzoider, cyclisch konjugierter Systeme wie carbo- und hetero-cyclischer Azulene, Pseudoazulene, Thiepine, Dihydropyridazine und des s-Indacens

X-ray fluorescence analysis of metal distributions in cryogenic biological samples using large-acceptance-angle SDD detection and continuous scanning at the Hard X-ray Micro/Nano-Probe beamline P06 at PETRA III

A new Rococo 2 X-ray fluorescence detector was implemented into the cryogenic sample environment at the Hard X-ray Micro/Nano-Probe beamline P06 at PETRA III, DESY, Hamburg, Germany. A four sensor-field cloverleaf design is optimized for the investigation of planar samples and operates in a backscattering geometry resulting in a large solid angle of up to 1.1 steradian. The detector, coupled with the Xspress 3 pulse processor, enables measurements at high count rates of up to 106 counts per second per sensor. The measured energy resolution of ∼129 eV (Mn Kα at 10000 counts s−1) is only minimally impaired at the highest count rates. The resulting high detection sensitivity allows for an accurate determination of trace element distributions such as in thin frozen hydrated biological specimens. First proof-of-principle measurements using continuous-movement 2D scans of frozen hydrated HeLa cells as a model system are reported to demonstrate the potential of the new detection system

Corporate governance and performance in sports organisations: The case of UK

A considerable amount of accounting, economics and finance studies have investigated the link between corporate governance (CG) and performance in profit and non‐profit organisations. This paper departs from the existing literature by investigating the relationship between CG structures and both financial performance (FP, measured as return on assets (ROA) and equity (ROE)) and non‐financial performance, measured as league points won (NFP‐Points), of sports organisations with specific focus on UK premier leagues' football (soccer) teams. We collect data relating to CG structures, FP and NFP‐Points of football clubs playing in the four UK premier leagues in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales along with the English Championship teams over the 2011–2016 period. We analyse our data relating to 80 football clubs over a 6‐year period (generating 397 club‐year observations) by running a number of multivariate analyses to test our hypotheses. Our findings are as follows. First, we find that NFP‐Points is higher in clubs with larger boards, non‐executive directors (NED), CEO role duality, and higher percentage of foreign and/or younger directors, but lower in firms with higher percentage of female directors. Second and by contrast, we find that the relationship between these same set of variables and FP is, however, insignificant except for boards with NED that remained significant and negatively related to ROA. Our findings appear to reflect the prioritisation of on‐the‐field performance over off‐the‐field performance by sports organisations. Our evidence is largely robust to using alternative measures and estimation models