Evaluación del mantenimiento preventivo en los equipos del área de trillado de café en la empresa PRODECOOP R.L en el municipio de Palacagüina, departamento de Madriz, en el segundo semestre del año 2020

La falta de implementación de un proceso de gestión del mantenimiento en una empresa provoca deterioro en los equipos ocasionando paros que afectan la productividad y generan pérdidas que deberían ser evitadas con debida y oportuna planificación del mantenimiento. El objetivo se efectuó con el fin de evaluar el proceso en el área de trillado de café. De acuerdo al método de investigación el presente estudio es mixto, de carácter cualitativo porque se estudiará la realidad en su contexto natural, y cuantitativo porque se utilizará recolección y análisis de datos, y se considera como exploratoria, dado que se investiga un problema poco estudiado en la empresa. En cuanto al criterio de que un buen nivel de gestión de mantenimiento contribuye a mejorar las capacidades de producción, rendimiento, fiabilidad y disponibilidad en tiempo y forma de cada una de las máquinas. El 84.6% de los colaboradores manifiestan estar totalmente de acuerdo y el 15.4% está ni acuerdo, ni en desacuerdo. De manera que, durante el trabajo de campo se alcanzó determinar que omiten realizar actividades tales como inspecciones rutinarias de equipos, no utilización de instructivos, manuales de operación y servicio para ejecución de rutinas de mantenimiento, además, no se lleva a cabo el control de inventario de repuestos y herramientas. Por lo tanto, es necesario enfocarse en el principio del ciclo de mejora continua de forma tal que se logre potencializar el seguimiento y control del mantenimiento preventivo del área de trillado, por medio de la implementación de un software

Evaluación del mantenimiento preventivo en la empresa PRODECOOP. RL. Palacagüina, Madriz, 2020

La falta de implementación de un proceso de gestión del mantenimiento en una empresa provoca deterioro en los equipos ocasionando paros que afectan la productividad y generan pérdidas que deberían ser evitadas con la oportuna planificación del mantenimiento. El estudio consistió en la evaluación del mantenimiento preventivo para la planificación de actividades de mantenimiento en los equipos instalados en el área de trillado de café. De acuerdo al método la investigación es del tipo mixta, de carácter cualitativo dado que se estudiará la realidad en su contexto natural, y cuantitativo porque se utilizó la recolección y análisis de datos, es exploratoria, debido a que se estudió un problema poco estudiado en la empresa. En relación a que un buen nivel de gestión de mantenimiento contribuye a mejorar las capacidades de producción, rendimiento, fiabilidad y disponibilidad en tiempo y forma de cada una de las máquinas. El 84.6% de los colaboradores manifestaron estar totalmente de acuerdo y un 15.4% está ni acuerdo, ni en desacuerdo. De manera que, durante el trabajo de campo se alcanzó determinar que omiten realizar actividades tales como: inspecciones rutinarias, utilizar documentación técnica para ejecución de las rutinas de mantenimiento, y no llevan a cabo el control de inventario de repuestos y herramientas. Por lo tanto, es necesario enfocarse en el principio del ciclo de mejora continua de forma tal que se logre potencializar el seguimiento y control del mantenimiento preventivo del área de trillado, por medio de la implementación de un software

HIV Drug Resistance Surveillance in Honduras after a Decade of Widespread Antiretroviral Therapy.

We assessed HIV drug resistance (DR) in individuals failing ART (acquired DR, ADR) and in ART-naïve individuals (pre-ART DR, PDR) in Honduras, after 10 years of widespread availability of ART.365 HIV-infected, ART-naïve, and 381 ART-experienced Honduran individuals were enrolled in 5 reference centres in Tegucigalpa, San Pedro Sula, La Ceiba, and Choluteca between April 2013 and April 2015. Plasma HIV protease-RT sequences were obtained. HIVDR was assessed using the WHO HIVDR mutation list and the Stanford algorithm. Recently infected (RI) individuals were identified using a multi-assay algorithm.PDR to any ARV drug was 11.5% (95% CI 8.4-15.2%). NNRTI PDR prevalence (8.2%) was higher than NRTI (2.2%) and PI (1.9%, p500 vs. <350 CD4+ T cells/μL. PDR in recently infected individuals was 13.6%, showing no significant difference with PDR in individuals with longstanding infection (10.7%). The most prevalent PDR mutations were M46IL (1.4%), T215 revertants (0.5%), and K103NS (5.5%). The overall ADR prevalence in individuals with <48 months on ART was 87.8% and for the ≥48 months on ART group 81.3%. ADR to three drug families increased in individuals with longer time on ART (p = 0.0343). M184V and K103N were the most frequent ADR mutations. PDR mutation frequency correlated with ADR mutation frequency for PI and NNRTI (p<0.01), but not for NRTI. Clusters of viruses were observed suggesting transmission of HIVDR both from ART-experienced to ART-naïve individuals and between ART-naïve individuals.The global PDR prevalence in Honduras remains at the intermediate level, after 10 years of widespread availability of ART. Evidence of ADR influencing the presence of PDR was observed by phylogenetic analyses and ADR/PDR mutation frequency correlations

Correlations between PDR and ADR mutation frequency in Honduras.

<p>Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated for PDR mutation frequency vs. ADR mutation frequency at <48 and ≥48 months on ART, for the whole study period, for all DR mutations together and dividing them into ARV families. Each point represents one mutation. Some of the most relevant DR mutations are shown. PDR, pre-antiretroviral treatment drug resistance; ADR, acquired drug resistance; NRTI, Nucleoside RT Inhibitors; NNRTI, Non-nucleoside RT Inhibitors; PI, protease inhibitors.</p

HIVDR mutation frequency in Honduras meta-analysis 2002–20015.

<p>HIVDR mutation frequency was compared using data from two previously published studies: Lloyd et al. (median sampling year 2002) [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0142604#pone.0142604.ref013" target="_blank">13</a>], and Murillo et al. (median sampling year 2006) [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0142604#pone.0142604.ref014" target="_blank">14</a>]; and the present study (median sampling year 2014). Only mutations present in any of the comparison groups are shown. Mutations considered for the analysis include only WHO TDR surveillance mutations. NRTI, Nucleoside RT Inhibitors; NNRTI, Non-nucleoside RT Inhibitors; PI, protease inhibitors. * p<0.05 Fisher’s exact test.</p

HIVDR mutation frequency comparison in individuals with recent and longstanding infection.

<p>Recently infected individuals were identified using a multi-assay algorithm as described in Methods. Only mutations present in any of the comparison groups are shown. Mutations considered for the analysis include WHO TDR surveillance mutations as well as mutations contributing with penalty scores in the Stanford algorithm. For a comprehensive list of mutations considered refer to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0142604#pone.0142604.t004" target="_blank">Table 4</a>. NRTI, Nucleoside RT Inhibitors; NNRTI, Non-nucleoside RT Inhibitors; PI, protease inhibitors; * p<0.05 Fisher’s exact test.</p

Phylogenetic relations between HIV sequences from ART-naïve and ART-experienced Honduran individuals.

<p>A Maximum Likelihood tree including HIV PR-RT sequences from 365 ART-naïve and 381 ART-experienced patients was built, using the General Time Reversible + Γ + I model to estimate genetic distances, with a gamma parameter of 0.4389 estimated for the dataset and 1000 bootstrap repetitions to assess significance. Drug resistance mutation sites as well as positions with less than 95% site coverage were eliminated from the alignment, with a total of 1162 positions included in the final dataset. Branch lengths are measured in number of substitutions per site. All analyses were conducted in MEGA6. Sequences from ART-naïve individuals are shown in grey and sequences from ART-experienced individuals in blue. Sequences with pre-ART drug resistance (PDR) to protease inhibitors (PI, pink), nucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTIs, green), non-nucleoside RT Inhibitors (NNRTIs, red), and more than one ARV family (purple) are coloured. B and non-B reference sequences (shown in black) were obtained from the Los Alamos HIV Database. A-D Clusters of viruses with PDR and bootstrap support >75% are amplified. HIVDR mutations present in the viruses at the tips are shown. Empty triangle, heterosexual male; full-triangle, men who have sex with men; empty circle, female; ART, antiretroviral treatment; USM, Unidad de Salud Metropolitana (La Ceiba); HMCR, Hospital Mario Catarino Rivas (San Pedro Sula); INCP, Instituto Nacional Cardio Pulmonar (Tegucigalpa).</p

PDR in a Honduran HIV-1-infected cohort, April 2013-April 2015 (n = 365).

<p>^a Pre-Antiretroviral Treatment Drug Resistance (PDR) estimated using the WHO HIV transmitted drug resistance surveillance mutation list.</p><p>^b PDR estimated with the Stanford algorithm (v7.0), with a threshold of ≥15 for at least one antiretroviral drug of the specified class. ARV, Antiretroviral; NNRTI, Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; NRTI, Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; PI, Protease Inhibitors.</p><p>PDR in a Honduran HIV-1-infected cohort, April 2013-April 2015 (n = 365).</p

Frequency of pre-ART and acquired HIV drug resistance mutations in Honduras April 2013-April 2015.

<p>^a Frequency in individuals with pre-ART drug resistance (PDR; defined with the WHO list of mutations for HIV drug resistance surveillance) to the corresponding drug class (PI, n = 7; NRTI, n = 7; NNRTI, n = 30). Mutations that contribute with drug resistance penalty scores in the Stanford algorithm are shown. Only mutations found in the cohort are shown. Mutations considered for the analysis are as follows</p><p>NRTIs: M41L, A62V, K65R, D67T, D67H, D67N, D67G, D67E, T69A, T69D, T69ins, T69N, T69C, T69I, T69G, T69S, K70G, K70Q, K70N, K70R, K70E, L74I, L74V, V75L, V75I, V75A, V75T, V75S, V75M, F77L, Y115F, F116Y, V118I, Q151M, M184VI, L210W, T215Y, T215A, T215F, T215CDESIV, K219QEN, K219R.</p><p>NNRTIs: V90I, A98G, L100I, K101E, K101P, K103NS, V106A, V106M, V108I, E138KQ, E138GAR, V179AT, V179D, V179E, V179L, V179F, Y181IV, Y181C, Y188L, Y188H, Y188C, G190S, G190A, G190E, G190C, P225H, F227L, M230L, K238T, Y318F.</p><p>PIs: L10F, K20I, L23I, L24I, D30N, V32I, L33F, E35G, K43T, M46IL, I47A, I47V, G48VM, I50L, I50V, F53L, F53Y, I54VA, I54L, I54M, I54ST, Q58E, G73CSTA, T74S, L76V, V82A, V82F, V82T, V82S, V82M, V82C, V82L, N83D, I84VAC, I85V, N88D, N88S, L90M.</p><p>Frequency of pre-ART and acquired HIV drug resistance mutations in Honduras April 2013-April 2015.</p