Bioleaching of Pyrite by Iron-Oxidizing Acidophiles under the Influence of Reactive Oxygen Species

After 24h of exposure to acidic media, pyrite generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). Freshly-crushed pyrite with grain sizes between 50-100 μm at a 5 % (w/v), pulp density generated 0.17 ± 0.01 mM H2O2, while 10% pyrite generated 0.29 ± 0.01 mM and 30 % pyrite generated approximately 0.83 ± 0.06 mM. These levels of H2O2 inhibit iron oxidation in iron-grown cells of AcidithiobacillusferrooxidansT but not in pyrite-grown cells. ROS originating from pyrite, which was incubated for 24 h in acidic medium, prohibited pyrite dissolution by iron-grown cells, while pyrite-grown cells were adapted to these concentrations of ROS. Periodical addition of 100 μM H2O2 to pyrite cultures inoculated with pyrite-grown cells did not lower iron dissolution as it was observed with iron-grown cells. By high throughput proteomics analysis, an increased expression of proteins related to oxidative stress management, iron-and sulfur oxidation systems, carbon fixation and biofilm formation was observed in biofilm cells grown on pyrite compared to iron-grown cells.</jats:p

Microbiological, pathological and microelement analyses in vicuñas affected with "dandruff"

Se describen 75 estudios histopatológicos en biopsias de piel (33 afectados y 42 no afectados con “caspa”), 85 análisis microbiológicos en raspados de piel (44 afectados y 41 no afectados) y 70 determinaciones séricas de zinc, selenio, cobre y molibdeno (41 afectados y 29 no afectados) de tres poblaciones de vicuñas silvestres capturadas en “Chakus” en el 2009 en las comunidades campesinas de Huaytará, Ayaví, Santa Rosa de Tambo y en una población captiva multicomunal, en Huancavelica. Los animales afectados no tenían alteraciones clínicas, pero los vellones a la postesquila presentaron escamas blanquecinas dispersas o acumuladas y fuertemente adheridas, usualmente, al dorso lateral y algunas veces por todo el vellón. Todas las muestras de piel, con mayor severidad en las afectadas, mostraron moderada hiperqueratosis ortoqueratótica laminar asociada con dermatosis inespecífica, moderada-severa dilatación de folículos pilosos y moderada-severa atrofia de vaina interna de la raíz folicular pero con ausencia de agentes patógenos e inflamación. El 63.3% (28/44) de raspados de pieles afectadas y el 41.5% (17/ 41) de las no afectadas contenían especies saprofíticas de Ulocladium spp., Penicillum spp., Hialofomicetos, Geotrichum candidum y Aspergilus flavus. Los niveles sanguíneos, en las 70 muestras (afectados y no afectados) presentaron 10 veces la concentración esperada para selenio, principalmente en vicuñas captivas en el área multicomunal (afectados 3.23 ± 1.31 μg/mL y no afectados 3.56 ± 2.27 μg/mL), posiblemente debido al sobrepastoreo de los pastizales con presencia de especies seleníferas de Astragalus spp. (“garbanzo” o “garbancillo”). Todos los animales mostraron deficiencia de cobre y los animales afectados de Huaytará y todos los de Santa Rosa de Tambo presentaron deficiencia de zinc.In recent years important economic losses have resulted from what is described as “dandruff” in vicuña fiber. With the goal of analyzing the possible cause/s was conducted an histopathological analysis of 75 skin biopsies (33 affected/42 unaffected), microbiological analysis of 85 skin/fiber scrapings (44 affected/41 unaffected), and microelement analysis (zinc, selenium, copper, molybdenum) of 70 serum samples (41 affected/ 29 unaffected), collected from three wild populations in the communities of Huaytará, Ayaví and Santa Rosa de Tambo, Huancavelica, Peru, as well as from the captive herd held jointly by these communities. The affected vicuñas were clinically normal and the presence of “dandruff” was generally detected after shearing. In these fleeces, white scales scattered or accumulated and firmly adhered to the fibers were found, especially on the flanks and backs of the animals, but also widely dispersed throughout the fleece. Histopathological analysis of the skin biopsies revealed that both affected and unaffected animals had moderate to severe dermatosis (hyperkeratosis – orthokeratosis), with moderate to severe atrophy of the inner root sheath of the follicle, but without evidence of inflammation. Microbiological analysis determined the presence of fungus species in 63.3% (28/44) of the affected and 41.5% (17/41) of unaffected animals, including Ulocladium spp., Penicillum spp., Hialofomicetos, Geotrichum candidum and Aspergilus flavus. Microelement analysis revealed 10 fold selenium concentration as compared to normal values, especially in the captive population (affected: 3.23 ± 1.31 μg/ mL; unaffected: 3.56 ± 2.27 μg/mL) possibly due to overgrazing of pastures with presence of Astragalus spp., a common seleniferous plant in the region. All animals showed cooper deficiency. Also, all animals from Santa Rosa de Tambo and affected animals from Huaytará were zinc deficient

AVANCES EN EL ESTUDIO DE LA PATOGÉNESIS Y PREVENCIÓN DE LA ENTEROTOXEMIA DE LAS ALPACAS.

The results of our recent research work on enterotoxemia in Peruvian alpacas are presented. Microbiological and molecular analyses found that the majority of the isolates corresponded to Clostridium perfringens and contained the cpa coding gene for α toxin (A genotype) while 0.4% contained both the cpa and cpb genes of the α and β toxins (C genotype). A parallel study revealed that 8.5% of the genotype A isolates also had cpb2, but the cpe (enterotoxin) gene was absent in all cases. These results highly suggest that the exotoxins secreted by C. perfringens are the virulent factors in enterotoxemia, rather than the endogenous enterotoxin. Additionally, an histopathological study of intestinal samples from fatal cases showed that 30.6% had abundant immature structures of Eimeria macusaniensis affecting deep mucosa and cryptic gland epithelia, primarily in the jejune and ileum, suggesting that eimeriosis is likely a triggering or predisposing factor for the development of enterotoxemia. The microbiological studies allowed the design and progressive improvement of an inactivated enterotoxemia vaccine containing primarily the bacterial component plus exotoxins of types A, Aβ2 and C isolated from natural fatal cases of the disease. During six years of field tests in southern Peru, the vaccine has steadily reduced specific neonatal mortality rates due to enterotoxemia from 19.5% (2000, without vaccine) to less than 5% in 2006.Se revisan las investigaciones recientes realizadas por nuestro grupo de investigadores sobre enterotoxemia de las alpacas en el Perú. Estudios microbiológicos y moleculares demostraron que la mayoría de las cepas aisladas fueron de Clostridium perfringens y estas contienen únicamente el gen cpa de la toxina α (C. perfringens genotipo A) y solamente el 0.4% tienen genes cpa y cpb de las toxinas α y β (genotipo C). En análisis paralelo, se encontró que el 8.5% de los genotipos A contenían, adicionalmente, el gen cpb2, pero ninguna cepa tenía el gen cpe de la enterotoxina. Estos resultados evidencian que las exotoxinas secretadas, y no las endotoxinas (cpe), serían los probables factores de virulencia clostridiales en la enterotoxemia de la alpaca. Adicionalmente, en el análisis histopatológico de intestinos infectados, el 30.6% de las muestras presentó abundantes estructuras parasitarias inmaduras correspondientes a Eimeria macusaniensis, afectando la mucosa y epitelio de las glándulas crípticas intestinales, sugiriendo a las infecciones coccidiales como uno de los posibles factores desencadenantes o predisponentes de la enterotoxemia. Estos resultados microbiológicos permitieron diseñar, preparar y mejorar una vacuna convencional inactivada que contiene, mayoritariamente, componentes bacterianos y exotoxinas A, Aβ2 y C aislados de casos fatales de la enfermedad. Desde su introducción en una empresa alpaquera del sur peruano en 2001, la vacuna ha logrado reducir progresivamente los índices de mortalidad por enterotoxemia de 19.5% (2000, sin vacuna) hasta alcanzar tasas menores al 5% en 2006

Phase I clinical trial in healthy adults of a nasal vaccine candidate containing recombinant hepatitis B surface and core antigens

SummaryBackgroundThe nasal vaccine candidate (NASVAC), comprising hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface (HBsAg) and core antigens (HBcAg), has been shown to be highly immunogenic in animal models.MethodsA phase I double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial was carried out in 19 healthy male adults with no serologic markers of immunity/infection to HBV. This study was aimed at exploring the safety and immunogenic profile of nasal co-administration of both HBV recombinant antigens. The trial was performed according to Good Clinical Practice guidelines. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 45 years and were randomly allocated to receive a mixture of 50μg HBsAg and 50μg HBcAg or 0.9% physiologic saline solution, as a placebo, via nasal spray in a five-dose schedule at 0, 7, 15, 30, and 60 days. A total volume of 0.5ml was administered in two dosages of 125μl per nostril. Adverse events were actively recorded 1h, 6h, 12h, 24h, 48h, 72h, 7 days and 30 days after each dose. Anti-HBs and anti-HBc titers were evaluated using corresponding ELISA kits at days 30 and 90.ResultsThe vaccine candidate was safe and well tolerated. Adverse reactions included sneezing (34.1%), rhinorrhea (12.2%), nasal stuffiness (9.8%), palate itching (9.8%), headache (9.8%), and general malaise (7.3%). These reactions were all self-limiting and mild in intensity. No severe or unexpected events were recorded during the trial. The vaccine elicited anti-HBc seroconversion in 100% of subjects as early as day 30 of the immunization schedule, while a seroprotective anti-HBs titer (≥10IU/l) was at a maximum at day 90 (75%). All subjects in the placebo group remained seronegative during the trial.ConclusionThe HBsAg–HBcAg vaccine candidate was safe, well tolerated and immunogenic in this phase I study in healthy adults. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of safety and immunogenicity for a nasal vaccine candidate comprising HBV antigens

A low-cost paper-based platform for fast and reliable screening of cellular interactions with materials

A paper-based platform was developed and tested for studies on basic cell culture, material biocompatibility, and activity of pharmaceuticals in order to provide a reliable, robust and low-cost cell study platform. It is based upon a paper or paperboard support, with a nanostructured Latex coating to provide an enhanced cell growth and sufficient barrier properties. Wetting is Limited to regions of interest using a flexographically printed hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane Layer with circular non-print areas. The nanostructured coating can be substituted for another coating of interest, or the regions of interest functionalized with a material to be studied. The platform is fully up-scalable, being produced with roll-to-roll rod coating, flexographic and inkjet printing methods. Results show that the platform efficiency is comparable to multi-well plates in colorimetric assays in three separate studies: a cell culture study, a biocompatibility study, and a drug screening study. The color intensity is quantified by using a common office scanner or an imaging device and the data is analyzed by a custom computer software without the need for expensive screening or analysis equipment

Genetic Structure Among 50 Species of the Northeastern Pacific Rocky Intertidal Community

Comparing many species' population genetic patterns across the same seascape can identify species with different levels of structure, and suggest hypotheses about the processes that cause such variation for species in the same ecosystem. This comparative approach helps focus on geographic barriers and selective or demographic processes that define genetic connectivity on an ecosystem scale, the understanding of which is particularly important for large-scale management efforts. Moreover, a multispecies dataset has great statistical advantages over single-species studies, lending explanatory power in an effort to uncover the mechanisms driving population structure. Here, we analyze a 50-species dataset of Pacific nearshore invertebrates with the aim of discovering the most influential structuring factors along the Pacific coast of North America. We collected cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) mtDNA data from populations of 34 species of marine invertebrates sampled coarsely at four coastal locations in California, Oregon, and Alaska, and added published data from 16 additional species. All nine species with non-pelagic development have strong genetic structure. For the 41 species with pelagic development, 13 show significant genetic differentiation, nine of which show striking FST levels of 0.1–0.6. Finer scale geographic investigations show unexpected regional patterns of genetic change near Cape Mendocino in northern California for five of the six species tested. The region between Oregon and Alaska is a second focus of intraspecific genetic change, showing differentiation in half the species tested. Across regions, strong genetic subdivision occurs more often than expected in mid-to-high intertidal species, a result that may reflect reduced gene flow due to natural selection along coastal environmental gradients. Finally, the results highlight the importance of making primary research accessible to policymakers, as unexpected barriers to marine dispersal break the coast into separate demographic zones that may require their own management plans

Would Moral Enhancement Limit Freedom?

The proposal of moral enhancement as a valuable means to face the environmental, technological and social challenges that threaten the future of humanity has been criticized by a number of authors. One of the main criticisms has been that moral enhancement would diminish our freedom. It has been said that moral enhancement would lead enhanced people to lose their ‘freedom to fall’, that is, it would prevent them from being able to decide to carry out some morally bad actions, and the possibility to desire and carry out these bad actions is an essential ingredient of free will, which would thus be limited or destroyed—or so the argument goes. In this paper we offer an answer to this criticism. We contend that a morally enhanced agent could lose (to a large extent) the ‘freedom to fall’ without losing her freedom for two reasons. First, because we do not consider that a morally well-educated person, for whom the ‘freedom to fall’ is a remote option, is less free than an evildoer, and there is no reason to suppose that bioenhancement introduces a significant difference here. Second, because richness in the amount of alternative possibilities of action may be restored if the stated loss is compensated with an improvement in sensitivity and lucidity that can lead to seeing new options and nuances in the remaining possible actions