Storm drains as larval development and adult resting sites for Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Salvador, Brazil

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2016-07-29T17:21:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Paploski IAD Storm drains as larval development and adult resting sites for Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Salvador, Brazil.pdf: 1792453 bytes, checksum: 44a287845c53ec88ae9185b031a21bd4 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2016-07-29T17:35:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Paploski IAD Storm drains as larval development and adult resting sites for Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Salvador, Brazil.pdf: 1792453 bytes, checksum: 44a287845c53ec88ae9185b031a21bd4 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-29T17:35:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paploski IAD Storm drains as larval development and adult resting sites for Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Salvador, Brazil.pdf: 1792453 bytes, checksum: 44a287845c53ec88ae9185b031a21bd4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016National Council for Scientific and Technological DevelopmentFundação Gonçalo Moniz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Universidade Federal da Bahia. Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Gonçalo Moniz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Universidade Federal da Bahia. Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Gonçalo Moniz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Universidade Federal da Bahia. Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Universidade Pedagógica de Quelimane. Quelimane, ZB, MozambiqueFundação Gonçalo Moniz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Universidade Federal da Bahia. Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Gonçalo Moniz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Gonçalo Moniz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Universidade Federal da Bahia. Faculdade de Medicina. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Gonçalo Moniz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Emory University. Atlanta, GE, USA.Fundação Gonçalo Moniz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Universidade Federal da Bahia. Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Salvador, BA, BrasilDengue (DENV), Chikungunya (CHIKV), Zika (ZIKV), as well as yellow fever (YFV) viruses are transmitted to humans by Aedes spp. females. In Salvador, the largest urban center in north-eastern Brazil, the four DENV types have been circulating, and more recently, CHIKV and ZIKV have also become common. We studied the role of storm drains as Aedes larval development and adult resting sites in four neighbourhoods of Salvador, representing different socioeconomic, infrastructure and topographic conditions. Results: A sample of 122 storm drains in the four study sites were surveyed twice during a 4-month period in 2015; in 49.0 % of the visits, the storm drains contained water. Adults and immatures of Aedes aegypti were captured in two of the four sites, and adults and immatures of Aedes albopictus were captured in one of these two sites. A total of 468 specimens were collected: 148 Ae. aegypti (38 adults and 110 immatures), 79 Ae. albopictus (48 adults and 31 immatures), and 241 non-Aedes (mainly Culex spp.) mosquitoes (42 adults and 199 immatures). The presence of adults or immatures of Ae. aegypti in storm drains was independently associated with the presence of non-Aedes mosquitoes and with rainfall of 50 mm during the preceding week. Conclusions: We found that in Salvador, one of the epicentres of the 2015 ZIKV outbreak, storm drains often accumulate water and serve as larval development sites and adult resting areas for both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Vector control campaigns usually overlook storm drains, as most of the effort to prevent Ae. agypti reproduction is directed towards containers in the domicile environment. While further studies are needed to determine the added contribution of storm drains for the maintenance of Aedes spp. populations, we advocate that vector control programs incorporate actions directed at storm drains, including regular inspections and use of larvicides, and that human and capital resources are mobilized to modify storm drains, so that they do not serves as larval development sites for Aedes (and other) mosquitoes

Effect of an intervention in storm drains to prevent Aedes aegypti reproduction in Salvador, Brazil

Abstract Background Aedes aegypti, the principal vector for dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses, is a synanthropic species that uses stagnant water to complete its reproductive cycle. In urban settings, rainfall water draining structures, such as storm drains, may retain water and serve as a larval development site for Aedes spp. reproduction. Herein, we describe the effect of a community-based intervention on preventing standing water accumulation in storm drains and their consequent infestation by adult and immature Ae. aegypti and other mosquitoes. Methods Between April and May of 2016, local residents association of Salvador, Brazil, after being informed of water accumulation and Ae. aegypti infestation in the storm drains in their area, performed an intervention on 52 storm drains. The intervention consisted of placing concrete at the bottom of the storm drains to elevate their base to the level of the outflow tube, avoiding water accumulation, and placement of a metal mesh covering the outflow tube to avoid its clogging with debris. To determine the impact of the intervention, we compared the frequency at which the 52 storm drains contained water, as well as adult and immature mosquitoes using data from two surveys performed before and two surveys performed after the intervention. Results During the pre-intervention period, water accumulated in 48 (92.3%) of the storm drains, and immature Ae. aegypti were found in 11 (21.2%) and adults in 10 (19.2%). After the intervention, water accumulated in 5 (9.6%) of the storm drains (P < 0.001), none (0.0%) had immatures (P < 0.001), and 3 (5.8%) contained adults (P = 0.039). The total number of Ae. aegypti immatures collected decreased from 109 to 0 (P < 0.001) and adults decreased from 37 to 8 (P = 0.011) after the intervention. Collection of immature and adult non-Aedes mosquitoes (mainly Culex spp.) in the storm drains also decreased after the intervention. Conclusion This study exemplifies how a simple intervention targeting storm drains can result in a major reduction of water retention, and, consequently, impact Ae. aegypti larval populations. Larger and multi-center evaluations are needed to confirm the potential of citywide structural modifications of storm drains to reduce Aedes spp. infestation level

Epizootic Outbreak of Yellow Fever Virus and Risk for Human Disease in Salvador, Brazil

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2017-11-27T13:21:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Paploski IAD Epizootic outbreak....pdf: 439136 bytes, checksum: ce1b5e0ac193e4f6c15ed6ac510312fa (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2017-11-27T13:55:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Paploski IAD Epizootic outbreak....pdf: 439136 bytes, checksum: ce1b5e0ac193e4f6c15ed6ac510312fa (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-27T13:55:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paploski IAD Epizootic outbreak....pdf: 439136 bytes, checksum: ce1b5e0ac193e4f6c15ed6ac510312fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (grants 400830/2013-2 and 440891/ 2016-7, the Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education (grant 440891/2016-7, the Bahia Foundation for Research Support (grant PET0022/2016), the University of Texas Medical Branch Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, and National Institutes of Health (grant R24AI120942).Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilSecretaria Municipal de Saúde de Salvador. Salvador, BA, BrasilUniversidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilUniversidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilUniversidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, BrasilUniversidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, BrasilUniversity of Texas Medical Branch. Galveston, TexasUniversidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilEmory University. Atlanta, GeorgiaUniversidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilBackground: Yellow fever virus (YFV) is an RNA virus maintained in an enzootic, sylvatic cycle involving nonhuman primates (NHPs) and sylvatic mosquito vectors primarily of the genus Haemagogus and Sabethes. Transmission occasionally spills over to humans entering forested regions. In the Americas, urban transmission of YFV to humans has not occurred since the mid-1900s because of vaccination and near-elimination of the anthropophilic Aedes aegypti, the urban vector (1). However, concerns about reemergence of urban YFV have recently increased because of the reappearance and rapid spread of A aegypti in the urban environment. Furthermore, immunization coverage for YFV is insufficient because vaccination is generally indicated only for higher-risk populations, such as those living in or travelling to areas with sylvatic transmission. Objective: To investigate the 2017 epizootic outbreak of YFV and the risk for human disease in Salvador, Brazil. Methods and Findings: Since November 2016, deaths of NHPs due to YFV in Brazil have been reported in the state of Sa˜o Paulo. Beginning in December 2016, human cases were also reported in the states of Sa˜o Paulo and Minas Gerais. By the end of May 2017, the YFV outbreak in humans had spread to 9 Brazilian states, with more than 130 municipalities reporting confirmed cases (Appendix Figure 1, available at www .annals.org), all deemed of sylvatic origin (rather than via urban A aegypti transmission)

Evidence for chikungunya and dengue transmission in Quelimane, Mozambique: Results from an investigation of a potential outbreak of chikungunya virus

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2018-03-15T14:21:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mugabe VA Evidence for chikungunya and dengue....pdf: 9626910 bytes, checksum: 7d784433e45b02b0e7813ee425c2d9cb (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2018-03-16T12:20:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Mugabe VA Evidence for chikungunya and dengue....pdf: 9626910 bytes, checksum: 7d784433e45b02b0e7813ee425c2d9cb (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-16T12:20:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mugabe VA Evidence for chikungunya and dengue....pdf: 9626910 bytes, checksum: 7d784433e45b02b0e7813ee425c2d9cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Universidade Pedagógica de Quelimane (UPQ), and Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia, Ensino Superior e Técnico Profissional, Mozambique; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Instituto Gonçalo Moniz at Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, and Instituto de Saúde Coletiva a Universidade Federal da Bahia, BrazilUniversidade Federal da Bahia. Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Universidade Pedagógica de Quelimane. Zambezia, Mozambique.Ministério da Saúde. Instituto Nacional de Saúde. Maputo, Mozambique.Ministério da Saúde. Instituto Nacional de Saúde. Maputo, Mozambique.Ministério da Saúde. Instituto Nacional de Saúde. Maputo, Mozambique.Ministério da Saúde. Instituto Nacional de Saúde. Maputo, Mozambique.Ministério da Saúde. Instituto Nacional de Saúde. Maputo, Mozambique.Ministério da Saúde. Instituto Nacional de Saúde. Maputo, Mozambique.Ministério da Saúde. Instituto Nacional de Saúde. Maputo, Mozambique.Ministério da Saúde. Instituto Nacional de Saúde. Maputo, Mozambique.Ministério da Saúde. Instituto Nacional de Saúde. Maputo, Mozambique.Public Health Agency of Sweden. Stockholm, Sweeden / Karolinska Institutet. Tumor and Cell Biology. Department of Microbiology. Stockholm, Sweden.Universidade Federal da Bahia. Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Universidade Federal da Bahia. Faculdade de Medicina. Salvador, BA, Brasil.In January 2016, health authorities from Zambézia province, Mozambique reported the detection of some patients presenting with fever, arthralgia, and a positive result for chikungunya in an IgM-based Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT). We initiated a study to investigate a potential chikungunya outbreak in the city of Quelimane. Methods/Principal findings From February to June 2016, we conducted a cross-sectional study enrolling febrile patients attending five outpatient health units in Quelimane. Serum from each patient was tested for CHIKV and DENV, using IgM and IgG ELISA and qRT-PCR. Patients were also tested for malaria by RDT. Entomological surveys were performed around patients' households, and we calculated the proportion of positive ovitraps and the egg density per trap. A total of 163 patients were recruited, of which 99 (60.7%) were female. The median age was 28 years. IgM and IgG anti-CHIKV antibodies were identified in 17 (10.4%) and 103 (63.2%) patients, respectively. Plaque reduction neutralization assay confirmed the presence of anti-CHIKV antibodies in a subset of 11 tested patients with positive IgG results. IgM anti-DENV antibodies were found in 1 (0.9%) of 104 tested patients. Malaria was diagnosed in 35 (21.5%) patients, 2 of whom were also IgM-positive for CHIKV. Older age and lower education level were independently associated with the prevalence of IgG anti-CHIKV antibodies. Immature forms of Aedes aegypti were collected in 16 (20.3%) of 79 surveyed households. We also found that 25.0% (16/64) of the traps were positive, with an average of 90.8 eggs per pallet. Conclusions Our investigation demonstrated that no CHIKV outbreak was ongoing in Quelimane; rather, endemic transmission of the virus has been ongoing. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are abundant, but dengue cases occurred only sporadically. Further population-based cohort studies are needed to improve our understanding of aspects related to the dynamics of arboviral transmission in Mozambique, as well as in other parts of Sub-Saharan Africa

Demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants stratified by case definition to CHIKV infection.

<p>Demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants stratified by case definition to CHIKV infection.</p

Different water containers serving as breeding sites for <i>Aedes aegypti</i> mosquitoes around the patients’ households.

<p>a) Coconut shell; b) unclosed well; c) basin and buckets; d) tire; e) sewer pipe.</p

Diagram of enrollment of study patients and performed tests.

<p>* Out of 17 patients who had a positive IgM-ELISA for CHIKV, 2 (11.8%) also had a positive malaria rapid diagnostic test. ** Of the 12 samples shipped to neutralization, 11 were chosen from the 103 IgG anti-CHIKV positive by ELISA.</p

Spatial distribution of the households of the patients recruited at the Coalane health units.

<p>A: geographical location of Mozambique on the East coast of Africa and Quelimane in the central region of the country; B: map of Quelimane. In red are the households of the patients who had anti-CHIKV IgM, IgG, or both antibodies in the serum; and in blue, the households of the patients whose serum was negative for chikungunya.</p