Understanding Etiologies of Road Traffic Crashes, Injuries, and Death for Patients at National Hospital Abuja: A Qualitative Content Analysis Using Haddon’s Matrix

Road traffic crashes and sequelae are reaching pandemic proportions globally and have currently achieved disproportionately high levels in Nigeria. Quantitative studies are accumulating in the peer-reviewed literature, but there is a paucity of qualitative research in Nigeria. Data for this study of structural and behavioral factors of road traffic crashes and injuries in Federal Capital Territory were collected in semi-structured interviews with crash survivors at National Hospital Abuja. Interviews were analyzed via qualitative content analysis, revealing crash location and participant beliefs about crash etiologies. Units of analysis were developed from participant statements and were structured within four a priori etiologic categories using Haddon’s (1980) matrix: human-, vehicle-, physical environment-, and socioeconomic environment-related. Subcategories were generated. Human-related subcategories included reckless behavior and drivers, limited technical knowledge and skill. Vehicle-related subcategories included vehicular disrepair and lack of safety equipment. Physical environment-related subcategories included road disrepair, infrastructural inadequacy, and weather. Socioeconomic environment-related subcategories included government, prehospital care, money, and prayer. Subcategories were organized temporally by pre-event, event, and post-event phases, with most units of analysis allocated in the pre-event phase. These qualitative results can be utilized to guide future research along community-aligned priorities, and to structure community-engaged preventative and interventional efforts

Understanding Etiologies of Road Traffiffic Crashes, Injuries, and Death for Patients at National Hospital Abuja: A Qualitative Content Analysis Using Haddon\u27s Matrix

Road traffic crashes and sequelae are reaching pandemic proportions globally and have currently achieved disproportionately high levels in Nigeria. Quantitative studies are accumulating in the peer-reviewed literature, but there is a paucity of qualitative research in Nigeria. Data for this study of structural and behavioral factors of road traffic crashes and injuries in Federal Capital Territory were collected in semi-structured interviews with crash survivors at National Hospital Abuja. Interviews were analyzed via qualitative content analysis, revealing crash location and participant beliefs about crash etiologies. Units of analysis were developed from participant statements and were structured within four a priori etiologic categories using Haddon\u27s (1980) matrix: human-, vehicle-, physical environment-, and socioeconomic environment-related. Subcategories were generated. Human-related subcategories included reckless behavior and drivers, limited technical knowledge and skill. Vehicle-related subcategories included vehicular disrepair and lack of safety equipment. Physical environment-related subcategories included road disrepair, infrastructural inadequacy, and weather. Socioeconomic environment-related subcategories included government, prehospital care, money, and prayer. Subcategories were organized temporally by pre-event, event, and post-event phases, with most units of analysis allocated in the preevent phase. These qualitative results can be utilized to guide future research along community-aligned priorities, and to structure community-engaged preventative and interventional efforts

Combustion kinetics of Shankodi-Jangwa coal

The lack of comprehensive data on the fuel properties of newly discovered coal deposits in Nigeria has hampered the prospective utilisation for power generation. Consequently, this study is aimed at characterising the physicochemical and thermokinetic properties of Shankodi-Jangwa (SKJ) coal recently discovered in Nassarawa state, Nigeria. The results indicate that SKJ comprises 40.50% fixed carbon, 43.34% volatile matter, and 2.36% sulphur with a higher heating value (HHV) of 27.37 MJ kg-1. Based on this HHV, SKJ was classified as high-volatile B bituminous coal. Thermal analysis of SKJ under oxidative thermogravimetry (TG) at multiple heating rates revealed that SKJ is highly reactive and thermally degradable below 1000°C. Kinetic analysis using the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa model for conversions α = 0.05-0.90 revealed the activation energy to range from Ea = 113-259 kJ mol-1, with the frequency factor ranging from A = 2.9 × 1013-1.5 × 1023 min-1 and a range in R2 = 0.8536-0.9997; the average values of these ranges are Ea = 184 kJ mol-1, A = 9.2 × 1023 min-1 and R2 = 0.9420, respectively. The study highlighted fuel property data vital for modelling and designing future SKJ coal power generation

Neonatal mortality and education related inequality in cesarean births in Sub-Saharan Africa : multi-country propensity score matching and meta-analysis

Background: Sub-Saharan African (SSA) newborns are ten times more likely to die in the first month than a neonate born in a high-income country. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between educational attainment and neonatal mortality (NM) among women with cesarean section (CS) deliveries in SSA countries. Methods: Using data from recent demographic and health surveys from 33 countries in SSA, we applied propensity score matching to estimate the effect of education attainment on post-CS neonatal mortality using a propensity-matched cohort where being educated was defined as completing at least primary school education Results: The number of reported CS births ranged from 186 in Niger to 1695 in Kenya. The odds of neonatal mortality between uneducated and educated women ranged from as low as 2.31 in Senegal to 35.5 in Zimbabwe, with a pooled overall risk for NM from all of the countries of OR 2.54 (95% CI: 1.72–3.74) and aOR 1.7 (95% CI: 1.12–2.57). From the 17,220 respondents, we successfully matched 11,162 educated respondents with 2146 uneducated respondents. Uneducated women had a 6% risk compared to a 2.9% risk among educated women for neonatal mortality, with an overall risk of 3.4%; babies from uneducated women were twice as likely to die compared to babies from educated women, RR 2.1 (95% CI, 1.69–2.52). Conclusion: Neonates from uneducated women were twice as likely to die following CS delivery than neonates from educated women. This evidence suggests that a means of achieving Sustainable Development Goal target 3.2 to lower newborn and child mortality is ensuring that everyone has access to high-quality care with efforts made at ensuring education for all and improving socio-economic conditions

Demystifying the factors associated with rural–urban gaps in severe acute malnutrition among under-five children in low- and middle-income countries: a decomposition analysis

What explains the underlying causes of rural–urban differentials in severe acute malnutrition (SAM) among under-five children is poorly exploited, operationalized, studied and understood in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). We decomposed the rural–urban inequalities in the associated factors of SAM while controlling for individual, household, and neighbourhood factors using datasets from successive demographic and health survey conducted between 2010 and 2018 in 51 LMIC. The data consisted of 532,680 under-five children nested within 55,823 neighbourhoods across the 51 countries. We applied the Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition technique to quantify the contribution of various associated factors to the observed rural–urban disparities in SAM. In all, 69% of the children lived in rural areas, ranging from 16% in Gabon to 81% in Chad. The overall prevalence of SAM among rural children was 4.8% compared with 4.2% among urban children. SAM prevalence in rural areas was highest in Timor-Leste (11.1%) while the highest urban prevalence was in Honduras (8.5%). Nine countries had statistically significant pro-rural (significantly higher odds of SAM in rural areas) inequality while only Tajikistan and Malawi showed statistically significant pro-urban inequality (p < 0.05). Overall, neighbourhood socioeconomic status, wealth index, toilet types and sources of drinking water were the most significant contributors to pro-rural inequalities. Other contributors to the pro-rural inequalities are birth weight, maternal age and maternal education. Pro-urban inequalities were mostly affected by neighbourhood socioeconomic status and wealth index. Having SAM among under-five children was explained by the individual-, household- and neighbourhood-level factors. However, we found variations in the contributions of these factors. The rural–urban dichotomy in the prevalence of SAM was generally significant with higher odds found in the rural areas. Our findings suggest the need for urgent intervention on child nutrition in the rural areas of most LMIC

Social disorganization and history of child sexual abuse against girls in sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis

Social disorganization and history of child sexual abuse against girls in Sub-Saharan Africa: A multilevel analysis. Rights, 13(33) http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-698X-13-33 BMC International Health and Human Access to the published version may require subscription. N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper. Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-16049 Respondents from communities with a high family disruption rate were 57% more likely to have reported CSA (OR=1.57, 95% CI 1.14 to 2.16). Conclusion: We found that exposure to CSA was associated with high community level of family disruption, thus suggesting that neighbourhoods may indeed have significant important effects on exposure to CSA. Further studies are needed to explore pathways that connect the individual and neighbourhood levels, that is, means through which deleterious neighbourhood effects are transmitted to individuals

Does economic growth reduce childhood stunting? A multicountry analysis of 89 Demographic and Health Surveys in sub-Saharan Africa

Background: There is mixed evidence and lack of consensus on the impact of economic development on stunting, and likewise there is a dearth of empirical studies on this relationship in the case of sub-Saharan Africa. Thus, this paper examines whether economic growth is associated with childhood stunting in low-income and middle-income sub-Saharan African countries. Methods: We analysed data from 89 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 1987 and 2016 available as of October 2018 using multivariable multilevel logistic regression models to show the association between gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and stunting. We adjusted the models for child's age, survey year, child's sex, birth order and country random effect, and presented adjusted and unadjusted ORs. Results: We included data from 490 526 children. We found that the prevalence of stunting decreased with increasing GDP per capita (correlation coefficient=-0.606, p<0.0001). In the unadjusted model for full sample, for every US$1000 increase in GDP per capita, the odds of stunting decreased by 23$1000 increase in GDP per capita, the odds of stunting decreased by 12% (OR=0.88, 95% CI 0.87 to 0.90). Conclusion: There was no significant association between economic growth and child nutritional status. The prevalence of stunting decreased with increasing GDP per capita. This was more pronounced among children from the richest quintile. The magnitude of the association was higher among children from low-income countries, suggesting that households in the poorest quintile were typically the least likely to benefit from economic gains. The findings could serve as a building block needed to modify current policy as per child nutrition-related programmes in Africa

Corrigendum to : variation in financial protection and its association with health expenditure indicators : an analysis of low- and middle-income countries

In the originally published version of this manuscript, there was an error in the title. The title should read: "Variation in financial protection and its association with health expenditure indicators: an analysis of low- and middle-income countries'', instead of: "Variation in financial protection and it association with health expenditure indicators: an analysis of low- and middle-income countries''. This error has been corrected online and in print

Transcutaneous bilirubinometry versus total serum bilirubin measurement for newborns

CITATION: Okwundu, C. I., et al. 2017. Transcutaneous bilirubinometry versus total serum bilirubin measurement for newborns. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5:1-12, Art. CD012660, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012660.The original publication is available at https://www.cochranelibrary.comThis is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Diagnostic test accuracy). The objectives are as follows: - To determine the diagnostic accuracy of TcB as: i) a diagnostic test for hyperbilirubinaemia in newborns suspected to have hyperbilirubinaemia on visual inspection; ii) a diagnostic test for monitoring bilirubin levels in newborns receiving treatment (e.g. phototherapy) for hyperbilirubinaemia. - To determine whether the gestational age, postnatal age, body weight, race and site of TcB measurement have any influence on the accuracy of TcB measurement for hyperbilirubinaemia in newborns.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012660/fullPublisher's versio

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Nigeria

Background: Nigeria has a high burden of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, commonly acquired through vertical transmission. However, there is a lack of an efficient surveillance system for monitoring and understanding the epidemiology of HBV among pregnant women. Building on a previous review on the prevalence of HBV in Nigeria (2000–2013), we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of HBV prevalence among pregnant women in Nigeria. Methods: Four electronic databases PubMed, Embase, Global Health, and Scopus were systematically searched from January 2014 to February 2021. We also searched the African Journal Online and manually scanned the reference lists of the identified studies for potentially eligible articles. Observational studies that reported the prevalence of HBsAg and/or HBeAg among pregnant women in peer-reviewed journals were included in the study. We performed a meta-analysis using a random-effects model. We defined HBV infection as a positive test to HBsAg. Results: From the 158 studies identified, 20 studies with a total sample size of 26, 548 were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of HBV infection among pregnant women across the studies was 6.49% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.75–8.46%; I2 = 96.7%, p = 0.001; n = 20). The prevalence of HBV was significantly lower among pregnant women with at least secondary education compared with those with no education or primary education (prevalence ratio = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.58–0.87; n = 10). However, the prevalence of HBV was not significantly different by age, religion, marital status, or tribe. The prevalence of HBV was not significantly different among pregnant women with previous surgery, blood transfusion, multiple lifetime sex partners, tribal marks, tattoos, scarification, or sexually transmitted infections, compared with those without these risk factors. From a total sample size of 128 (n = 7), the pooled prevalence of HBeAg among HBV-infected pregnant women was 14.59% (95% CI = 4.58–27.99%; I2 = 65.5%, p = 0.01). Subgroup analyses of HBV infection by study region and screening method, and meta-regression analysis of the study year, sample size, and quality rating were not statistically significant. Conclusions: There is an intermediate endemicity of HBV infection among pregnant women in Nigeria. Interventions, such as routine antenatal HBV screening, antiviral prophylaxis for eligible pregnant women, and infant HBV vaccination should be scaled up for the prevention of perinatal transmission of HBV infection in Nigeria