Sjogren's syndrome: An underdiagnosed condition in mixed connective tissue disease

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of sicca symptoms, dry eye, and secondary Sjögren's syndrome and to evaluate the severity of dry eye in patients with mixed connective tissue disease. METHODS: In total, 44 consecutive patients with mixed connective tissue disease (Kasukawa's criteria) and 41 healthy controls underwent Schirmer's test, a tear film breakup time test, and ocular surface staining to investigate dry eye. In addition, the dry eye severity was graded. Ocular and oral symptoms were assessed using a structured questionnaire. Salivary gland scintigraphy was performed in all patients. Classification of secondary Sjögren's syndrome was assessed according to the American-European Consensus Group criteria. RESULTS: The patients and controls had comparable ages (44.7±12.4 vs. 47.2±12.2 years) and frequencies of female gender (93 vs. 95%) and Caucasian ethnicity (71.4 vs. 85%). Ocular symptoms (47.7 vs. 24.4%) and oral symptoms (52.3 vs. 9.7%) were significantly more frequent in patients than in controls. Fourteen (31.8%) patients fulfilled Sjögren's syndrome criteria, seven of whom (50%) did not have this diagnosis prior to study inclusion. A further comparison of patients with mixed connective tissue disease with or without Sjögren's syndrome revealed that the former presented significantly lower frequencies of polyarthritis and cutaneous involvement than did the patients without Sjögren's syndrome. Moderate to severe dry eye was found in 13 of 14 patients with mixed connective tissue disease and Sjögren's syndrome (92.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Sjögren's syndrome, particularly with moderate to severe dry eye, is frequent in patients with mixed connective tissue disease. These findings alert the physician regarding the importance of the appropriate diagnosis of this syndrome in such patients

Evaluation of ocular surface clinical parameters and conjunctival impression cytology of rheumatic disease associated dry eye patients submitted to anti-TNF therapy

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar as alterações clínicas da superfície ocular, citologia de impressão (CI) e sintomas de olho seco (OS) dos pacientes com Espondilite Anquilosante (EA) e Artrite Reumatoide (AR). Classificar a intensidade de OS. Avaliar prospectivamente os parâmetros clínicos, laboratoriais e da superfície ocular dos pacientes com EA e AR submetidos a tratamento com drogas anti-TNF. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo envolvendo inicialmente (pré-tratamento) 36 pacientes com EA e 20 pacientes com AR comparados com grupo controle de 39 voluntários saudáveis para o grupo de EA e 24 voluntários saudáveis para o grupo de AR. Do total inicial, 14 pacientes consecutivos com EA e 20 pacientes consecutivos com AR foram submetidos a terapia anti-TNF. Foram realizados os seguintes exames: teste de Schirmer I, tempo de rompimento do filme lacrimal, tingimento com corantes vitais e questionário dos sintomas de OS (Ocular Surface Disease Index-OSDI), citologia de impressão (CI) conjuntival, avaliação laboratorial inflamatória: velocidade de hemossedimentação e proteína C reativa (VHS e PCR) e atividade da doença pelas medidas de Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Activity Index e Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASDAI e BASFI respectivamente) na EA e Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS 28) para AR. Além disso, avaliou-se a qualidade de vida pelo Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) para ambas as doenças. As avaliações foram realizadas pré-tratamento e repetidas aos 3 meses (3M) e 12 meses (12M) após o início da terapia. RESULTADOS: Na avaliação pré-tratamento com drogas anti-TNF, os pacientes com EA apresentaram OS de intensidade leve a moderada (80,5% versus 43,6%, p=0,01) e maior escore de alteração da CI (55% versus 12,8%, p=0,007) associados a provas de atividade inflamatórias elevadas (p < 0,001) quando comparados com controles saudáveis. A avaliação longitudinal do tratamento com terapia anti-TNF demonstrou melhora da produção aquosa lacrimal (pré-tratamento: 13,7 ? 11,3 mm, aos 3M: 18,3 +- 11,1 mm e aos 12M: 19,3 +- 9,0 mm, p=0,04) assim como da CI conjuntival (pré-tratamento: 78,6% alterada, aos 3M: 57,1%, e aos 12M: 35,7%, p=0,03). Houve, paralelamente, melhora dos parâmetros inflamatórios e da atividade da doença (p < 0,05). No grupo de pacientes com AR, no momento pré-tratamento com drogas anti-TNF, foram observados maior frequência (75% versus 4%, p < 0,001) e intensidade leve de OS (65% versus 4%, p < 0,001) associados a sintomas moderados (escore OSDI 24,0 +- 17,6 versus 7,5 +- 14,3, p=0,001) quando comparados com controles saudáveis. Esses pacientes também apresentaram maior frequência de disfunção das glândulas de meibômio (55,0% versus 8,3%, p=0,001), maior escore de alteração da CI conjuntival (1,0 +- 0,6 versus 0.0 +- 0,2, p=0,001) e menor densidade de células caliciformes (431,3 +- 209,5 células/mm2 versus 804,8 +- 383,2 células/mm2, p < 0,001) quando comparados com o grupo controle. A análise prospectiva dos pacientes com AR tratados com drogas anti-TNF mostrou um aumento dos valores do teste de Schirmer (prétratamento: 11,8 +- 6,7 mm, aos 3M: 21,0 +- 10,4 mm, e aos 12M: 23,0 +- 9,7mm, p < 0,001), melhora da CI conjuntival (pré-tratamento: 1,0 +- 0,6, aos 3M: 0,8 +- 0,6, e aos 12M: 0,5 +- 0,5, p=0,005) e da densidade de células caliciformes (pré-tratamento: 429 +- 211,7 células/mm2, aos 3M: 908 +- 291,4 células/mm2, e aos 12M: 1265,4 +- 430,6 células/mm2, p=0,001). Os marcadores de atividade inflamatória sistêmicos (VHS e PCR) também melhoraram ao longo do tratamento (p=0,005 e p=0,006, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes com EA e AR avaliados nesse estudo apresentaram prevalência elevada de OS de intensidade leve a moderada associada à alteração da citologia conjuntival. A recuperação precoce e manutenção de longo prazo na produção aquosa da lágrima e na CI conjuntival, em especial, das células caliciformes, nos pacientes submetidos a terapia anti-TNF, pode refletir a melhora da condição inflamatória. Esse resultado histológico pode ter influência como biomarcador da inflamação na superfície ocularOBJECTIVES: Evaluate ocular surface parameters, impression cytology (IC) and dry eye (DE) symptoms of patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Classify DE severity grade. Analyse prospectively clinical and laboratory, as well as ocular surface parameters of AS and RA patients, submitted to anti-TNF therapy. METHODS: This prospective study initially (baseline) enrolled 36 AS patients and 20 RA patients who were compared to a control group of 39 and 24 healthy volunteers for the AS group and RA group, respectively. From the initial group, 14 consecutive AS and 20 consecutive RA patients received anti-TNF therapy. They underwent the following exams: Schirmer I test, tear break-up time, vital dyes staining of the ocular surface, a questionnaire for dry eye symptoms- Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), and conjunctival IC. Laboratory tests for inflammatory activity were assessed by erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C- reactive protein (ESR and CRP). The Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Activity Index and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASDAI and BASFI, respectively) in AS and Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS 28) in RA analyzed disease activity parameters. Besides, the Health Assessment Questionnaire evaluated the quality of life in both group of diseases. These measurements were taken at baseline (BL) and repeated at 3 months and 12 months (3M and 12M, respectively) after the beginning of anti-TNF therapy. RESULTS: At the baseline moment, AS patients presented mild to moderate DE (80.5% vs 43.6%, p=0.01) and a higher score of altered IC (55% vs 12.8%, p=0.007) associated with the systemic inflammatory activity (ESR and CRP, p < 0.001) when compared to healthy volunteers. The longitudinal evaluation of anti- TNF treatment showed an improvement of aqueous tear production (BL: 13.7 +- 11.3 mm, 3M: 18.3 +- 11.1 mm and 12M: 19.3 +- 9,0 mm, p=0.04). The IC also improved (BL: 78.6% altered IC, 3M: 57.1% and 12M: 35.7%, p=0.03). There was a parallel amelioration of systemic inflammatory markers and disease activity (p < 0.05). Concerning the RA group of patients, at the baseline moment, there was a higher frequency of DE (75% vs 4%, p < 0.001) as well as mild DE severity grade (65% vs 4%, p < 0,001) associated with moderate symptoms of DE (OSDI score: 24.0 +- 17.6 vs 7.5 +- 14.3, p=0.001) when compared to healthy volunteers. This group of patients also presented higher frequency of meibomian gland dysfunction (55% vs 8.3%, p=0.001), a worse score of IC (1.0 +- 0.6 vs 0.0 ? 0.2, p=0.001) and lower goblet cells count (431.3 +- 209.5 cells/mm2 vs 804.8 +- 383.2 cells/mm2, p< 0.001) when compared to the control group. The prospective analysis of RA patients treated with anti-TNF drugs demonstrated an increase of Schirmer\'s test (BL: 11.8 +- 6.7, 3M: 21.0 +- 10.4, 12M: 23.0 +- 9.7, p < 0.001) and an improvement of cytological grade (BL: 1.0 +- 0.6, 3M: 0.8 +- 0.6, 12M: 0.5 +- 0.5, p=0.005) and goblet cells density (BL: 429,0 +- 211.7 cells/mm2, 3M: 908,0 +- 291.4 cells/mm2, 12M: 1265.4 +- 430.6 cells/mm2, p=0.001). The systemic inflammatory markers (ESR and CRP) also improved throughout the treatment period (p=0.005 and p=0.006, respectively). CONCLUSION: Patients with AS and RA enrolled in this study presented a higher prevalence of mild to moderate DE associated with altered IC. The prompt and maintained aqueous tear and conjunctival cytology recovery, especially the goblet cells, in patients submitted to anti-TNF therapy seem to represent the improvement of inflammatory condition. This histological outcome may have an influence as a biomarker of ocular surface inflammatio

Sjögren's syndrome: An underdiagnosed condition in mixed connective tissue disease

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of sicca symptoms, dry eye, and secondary Sjögren's syndrome and to evaluate the severity of dry eye in patients with mixed connective tissue disease. METHODS: In total, 44 consecutive patients with mixed connective tissue disease (Kasukawa's criteria) and 41 healthy controls underwent Schirmer's test, a tear film breakup time test, and ocular surface staining to investigate dry eye. In addition, the dry eye severity was graded. Ocular and oral symptoms were assessed using a structured questionnaire. Salivary gland scintigraphy was performed in all patients. Classification of secondary Sjögren's syndrome was assessed according to the American-European Consensus Group criteria. RESULTS: The patients and controls had comparable ages (44.7±12.4 vs. 47.2±12.2 years) and frequencies of female gender (93 vs. 95%) and Caucasian ethnicity (71.4 vs. 85%). Ocular symptoms (47.7 vs. 24.4%) and oral symptoms (52.3 vs. 9.7%) were significantly more frequent in patients than in controls. Fourteen (31.8%) patients fulfilled Sjögren's syndrome criteria, seven of whom (50%) did not have this diagnosis prior to study inclusion. A further comparison of patients with mixed connective tissue disease with or without Sjögren's syndrome revealed that the former presented significantly lower frequencies of polyarthritis and cutaneous involvement than did the patients without Sjögren's syndrome. Moderate to severe dry eye was found in 13 of 14 patients with mixed connective tissue disease and Sjögren's syndrome (92.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Sjögren's syndrome, particularly with moderate to severe dry eye, is frequent in patients with mixed connective tissue disease. These findings alert the physician regarding the importance of the appropriate diagnosis of this syndrome in such patients