FITRAH MANUSIA DALAM PANDANGAN ISLAM

Hal yang paling penting dalam konsep pendidikan agama islam adalah adanya sebuah konsep fitrah manusia. Fitrah manusia tidak selalu identik dengan teori kertas kosong atau tabularasa, sebab kata tabulrasa seperti yang di praktekkan oleh john locke yang hanya melihat manusia itu seperti kertas putih, ibarat kertas yang belum di coret, sehingga pengaruh lingkungan itu sangat berdampak dan adanya pendidikan menjadi hal yang sangat penting. Di dalam fitrah manusia terdapat potensi bawaan yang dibawa oleh manusia yakni potensi daya atau kekuatan untuk bisa menerima sebuah tauhid atau agama islam maka dari itu dalam adanya lingkungan dan keluarga sangat mempengaruhi dan strategis dalam mengembangkan fitrah manusia itu sendri, dengan artian kalau anak di arahkan kepada hal yang positif dan baik maka akan terarah dan menjadikan dirinya sebegai penerus bangsa regenerasi bangsa yang cinta damai, tentram, inklusif, dan terus mengembangkan. Hal tersebut Menunjukkan bahwa Manusia dengan segala potensinya, sanggup merealesasikan apa yang sudah menjadi keinginannya, proses mengembangkan kemampuan yang dimiliki melalui pendidikan tidak menjadi jaminan dalam membentuk krakter dan bakat menuju insan yang baik dan menjadi kebanggaan dan disenangi oleh semuanya terlebih di cintai penciptanya, maka dari hal itu adanya sebuah pendidikan agama Islam selalu memberikan hal yang baru dan selalu mewarnai hidup kita sesuai dengan potensi yang dimiliki oleh manusia itu sendri

Consensus-based Networked Tracking in Presence of Heterogeneous Time-Delays

We propose a distributed (single) target tracking scheme based on networked estimation and consensus algorithms over static sensor networks. The tracking part is based on linear time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) measurement proposed in our previous works. This paper, in particular, develops delay-tolerant distributed filtering solutions over sparse data-transmission networks. We assume general arbitrary heterogeneous delays at different links. This may occur in many realistic large-scale applications where the data-sharing between different nodes is subject to latency due to communication-resource constraints or large spatially distributed sensor networks. The solution we propose in this work shows improved performance (verified by both theory and simulations) in such scenarios. Another privilege of such distributed schemes is the possibility to add localized fault-detection and isolation (FDI) strategies along with survivable graph-theoretic design, which opens many follow-up venues to this research. To our best knowledge no such delay-tolerant distributed linear algorithm is given in the existing distributed tracking literature.Comment: ICRoM2

Uniform CR Bound: Implement ation Issues And Applications

The authors apply a uniform Cramer-Rao (CR) bound (A.O. Hero, 1992) to study the bias-variance trade-offs in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) image reconstruction. The uniform CR bound is used to specify achievable and unachievable regions in the bias-variance trade-off plane. The image reconstruction algorithms considered here are: 1) space alternating generalized EM and 2) penalized weighted least-squares.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/85905/1/Fessler128.pd

Recursive Algorithms for Computing the Cramer-Rao Bound

Computation of the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) on estimator variance requires the inverse or the pseudo-inverse Fisher information matrix (FIM). Direct matrix inversion can be computationally intractable when the number of unknown parameters is large. In this correspondence, we compare several iterative methods for approximating the CRB using matrix splitting and preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithms. For a large class of inverse problems, we show that nonmonotone Gauss-Seidel and preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithms require significantly fewer flops for convergence than monotone “bound preserving” algorithms.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/85866/1/Fessler94.pd

Bias-Variance Trade-offs Analysis Using Uniform CR Bound for Images

We apply a uniform Cramer-Rao (CR) bound to study the bias-variance trade-offs in parameter estimation. The uniform CR bound is used to specify achievable and unachievable regions in the bias-variance trade-off plane. The applications considered are: (1) two-dimensional single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) system, and (2) one dimensional edge localization.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/85969/1/Fessler131.pd

Exploring Estimator Bias-Variance Tradeoffs Using the Uniform CR Bound

We introduce a plane, which we call the delta-sigma plane, that is indexed by the norm of the estimator bias gradient and the variance of the estimator. The norm of the bias gradient is related to the maximum variation in the estimator bias function over a neighborhood of parameter space. Using a uniform Cramer-Rao (CR) bound on estimator variance, a delta-sigma tradeoff curve is specified that defines an “unachievable region” of the delta-sigma plane for a specified statistical model. In order to place an estimator on this plane for comparison with the delta-sigma tradeoff curve, the estimator variance, bias gradient, and bias gradient norm must be evaluated. We present a simple and accurate method for experimentally determining the bias gradient norm based on applying a bootstrap estimator to a sample mean constructed from the gradient of the log-likelihood. We demonstrate the methods developed in this paper for linear Gaussian and nonlinear Poisson inverse problems.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/86001/1/Fessler98.pd

Phytoremediation: Halophytes as Promising Heavy Metal Hyperaccumulators

The continued accumulation of trace and heavy metals in the environment presents a significant danger to biota health, including humans, which is undoubtedly undermining global environmental sustainability initiatives. Consequently, the need for efficient remediation technologies becomes imperative. Phytoremediation is one of the most viable options in this regard. Hundreds of plants in laboratory experiments demonstrate the potential to remediate varying concentrations of heavy metals; however, the remediation capacity of most of these plants proved unsatisfactory under field conditions. The identification and selection of plants with higher metal uptake capacity or hyperaccumulators are one of the limitations of this technology. Additionally, the mechanism of heavy metal uptake by plants remains to be sufficiently documented. The halophyte plants are famous for their adaptation to harsh environmental conditions, and hence could be the most suitable candidates for heavy metal hyperaccumulation. The state of Qatar in the Gulf region encompasses rich resources of halophytes that have the potential for future investment toward human and environmental health. This chapter, therefore, gives an overview of phytoremediation, with emphasis on halophytes as suitable heavy metal hyperaccumulators for improved remediation of heavy metal–contaminated areas

Bias-Variance Tradeoffs Analysis Using Uniform CR Bound For a SPECT System

The authors quantify fundamental bias-variance tradeoffs for the image reconstruction problem in radio-pharmaceutical tomography using Cramer-Rao (CR) bound analysis. The image reconstruction problem is very often biased and the classical or the unbiased CR bound on the mean square error performance of the estimator can not be used. The authors use a recently developed “uniform” CR bound which applies to biased estimators whose bias gradient satisfies a user specified length constraint. The authors demonstrate the use of the “uniform” CR bound for a simple SPECT system using several different examples.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/85970/1/Fessler126.pd

Water Quality Assessment of River Adema, Nasarawa, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

The quality of water is of utmost importance because it determines the suitability of water for use domestically, industrially or otherwise. The quality of water from River Adema was determined by the analysis of thirty (30) samples for physicochemical parameters using standard AOAC methods and heavy metals using atomic absorption spectrophotometer, AAS. The WQI and MI of water were evaluated to ascertain its suitability for the desired purposes. The results obtained were; physicochemical parameters: temperature (24.21±1.55 ºC), turbidity (0.57±0.08 NTU), TDS (722.88±103.02 mg/dm3), TSS (23.30±1.08 mg/dm3), pH (6.84±0.31), EC (3111.54±30.51 µS/cm), total hardness (7.62±0.62 mg/dm3), alkalinity (1.18±0.03 mg/dm3), chloride (0.49±0.05 mg/dm3), nitrate (0.02±0.01 mg/dm3) and sulphate (2.03±0.08 mg/dm3). Heavy metal concentrations (mg/dm3) were Cd (0.06±0.01), Cr (0.62±0.13), Cu (0.58±0.08), Fe (0.54±0.12), Pb (ND), Mn (0.57±0.10), Ni (ND) and Zn (0.04±0.01).  All physicochemical parameters were below WHO recommended standards and for the heavy metals Cd, Cr, Fe; and Mn concentrations were higher than the standard values. WQI for the water was 15.29, an indication that the water is of good quality however, MI for metals such as Cd (20), Cr (6.2), Fe (1.8), Mn (57) were higher than the recommended WHO limit, an indication of metal contamination. The results also showed that there was a strong positive correlation between turbidity and chloride and between copper and manganese.   Therefore, there is an urgent need for the regulation of indiscriminate dumping of domestic wastes, runoffs from farmlands, mining locations into surface water bodies, since these are the likely sources. Regular monitoring of the water quality should be ensured and water from River Adema should be treated before use

The effect of providing skilled birth attendance and emergency obstetric care in preventing stillbirths

BACKGROUND: Of the global burden of 2.6 million stillbirths, around 1.2 million occur during labour i.e. are intrapartum deaths. In low-/middle-income countries, a significant proportion of women give birth at home, usually in the absence of a skilled birth attendant. This review discusses the impact of skilled birth attendance (SBA) and the provision of Emergency Obstetric Care (EOC) on stillbirths and perinatal mortality. METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed on PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Database and the WHO regional libraries. Data of all eligible studies were extracted into a standardized Excel sheet containing variables such as participants' characteristics, sample size, location, setting, blinding, allocation concealment, intervention and control details and limitations. We undertook a meta-analysis of the impact of SBA on stillbirths. Given the paucity of data from randomized trials or robust quasi-experimental designs, we undertook an expert Delphi consultation to determine impact estimates of provision of Basic and Comprehensive EOC on reducing stillbirths if there would be universal coverage (99%). RESULTS: The literature search yielded 871 hits. A total of 21 studies were selected for data abstraction. Our meta-analysis on community-based skilled birth attendance based on two before-after studies showed a 23% significant reduction in stillbirths (RR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.69 - 0.85). The overall quality grade of available evidence for this intervention on stillbirths was 'moderate'. The Delphi process supported the estimated reduction in stillbirths by skilled attendance and experts further suggested that the provision of Basic EOC had the potential to avert intrapartum stillbirths by 45% and with provision of Comprehensive EOC this could be reduced by 75%. These estimates are conservative, consistent with historical trends in maternal and perinatal mortality from both developed and developing countries, and are recommended for inclusion in the Lives Saved Tool (LiST) model. CONCLUSIONS: Both Skilled Birth Attendance and Emergency/or Essential Obstetric Care have the potential to reduce the number of stillbirths seen globally. Further evidence is needed to be able to calculate an effect size