Tissue fibrosis and its correlation with malignancy in canine mammary tumors

Abstract Background: Fibrosis is present in several pathologies associated with mammary carcinogenesis. Objective: To evaluate and quantify the fibrosis present in malignant and benign mammary neoplasms in bitches. Methods: Eighty-three samples were divided according to histopathological diagnosis into benign (n= 21) and malignant (n= 62) neoplasms. Haematoxylin-eosin and Masson’s trichrome were used to locate the connective tissue, and the extent of fibrosis was assessed with image software. Results: Benign neoplasms were classified into adenomas (cystic, complex, and tubular), benign mixed tumor, and ductal and lobular hyperplasia. Malignant neoplasms were classified as carcinomas (complex, mixed tumor, in situ tubular, tubulopapillary, and solid). Grade I was the most prevalent histopathological class, followed by grade II and III. Fibrosis was classified as severe, moderate, or discrete. No significant (p >0.05) difference was observed for the percentage of fibrosis between malignant and benign group neoplasms. However, difference (p=0.028) was found for fibrosis percentage between histopathological subtypes of tumors. The benign subtype of lobular hyperplasia presented differences between cystic adenoma and benign mixed tumor. The in situ malignant tubular carcinoma subtype presented differences between solid and tubulopapillary carcinoma. Conclusions: Fibrosis in canine mammary tumors can be estimated with Massons’s trichrome staining

Tissue fibrosis and its correlation with malignancy in canine mammary tumors

Abstract Background: Fibrosis is present in several pathologies associated with mammary carcinogenesis. Objective: To evaluate and quantify the fibrosis present in malignant and benign mammary neoplasms in bitches. Methods: Eighty-three samples were divided according to histopathological diagnosis into benign (n= 21) and malignant (n= 62) neoplasms. Haematoxylin-eosin and Masson’s trichrome were used to locate the connective tissue, and the extent of fibrosis was assessed with image software. Results: Benign neoplasms were classified into adenomas (cystic, complex, and tubular), benign mixed tumor, and ductal and lobular hyperplasia. Malignant neoplasms were classified as carcinomas (complex, mixed tumor, in situ tubular, tubulopapillary, and solid). Grade I was the most prevalent histopathological class, followed by grade II and III. Fibrosis was classified as severe, moderate, or discrete. No significant (p >0.05) difference was observed for the percentage of fibrosis between malignant and benign group neoplasms. However, difference (p=0.028) was found for fibrosis percentage between histopathological subtypes of tumors. The benign subtype of lobular hyperplasia presented differences between cystic adenoma and benign mixed tumor. The in situ malignant tubular carcinoma subtype presented differences between solid and tubulopapillary carcinoma. Conclusions: Fibrosis in canine mammary tumors can be estimated with Massons’s trichrome staining.Resumo Antecedentes: A fibrose participa em diversas patologias e ainda possui função adicional associada à carcinogênese mamária. Objetivo: Objetivou-se avaliar a fibrose e correlacionar com a malignidade nas neoplasias mamárias em cadelas. Métodos: 83 amostras foram divididas em dois grupos baseado no diagnóstico histopatológico: neoplasias benignas (n= 21) e neoplasias malignas (n= 62). Hematoxilina e eosina e Tricômico de Masson foram usadas para vizibilização de tecido conjuntivo e avaliação de fibrose através de programa de imagens. Resultados: As neoplasias benignas foram: adenoma (cístico, complexo e tubular), tumor misto benigno, hiperplasia ductal e lobular. As malignas foram: carcinoma complexo, em tumor misto maligno, tubular in situ, tubulopapilar e sólido. O grau histopatológico prevalente foi grau I, seguido do grau II e III. A fibrose nas neoplasias mamárias malignas foi classificada como severa, moderada e discreta. Não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) na porcentagem de fibrose entre neoplasias malignas e benignas. A estatística revelou diferença significativa (p=0,028) na porcentagem de fibrose em relação ao diagnóstico histopatológico. O subtipo benigno hiperplasia lobular apresentou diferença entre o adenoma cístico e o tumor misto benigno. O subtipo maligno carcinoma tubular in situ apresentou diferença entre carcinoma complexo, misto maligno, sólido e tubulopapilar. Conclusões: A fibrose nos tumores mamários caninos pode ser estimada através da coloração de tricrômio de Masson.Resumen Antecedentes: La fibrosis está presente en diversas patologías asociadas con carcinogénesis mamaria. Objetivo: Analizar si existe una correlación entre fibrosis tisular y malignidad en tumores mamarios caninos. Métodos: 83 muestras de tejido mamario fueron divididas en masas benignas (n=21) y malignas (n=62), de acuerdo con sus características histopatológicas. En estas muestras se utilizaron las coloraciones de hematoxilina-eosina y tricromo de Masson para localizar el tejido conectivo y se analizó la proporción y cuantificación de fibrosis en los mismos con un software de imagen especializado. Resultados: Las masas mamarias benignas se diagnosticaron como adenomas (quístico, complejo y tubular), tumor mixto benigno, e hiperplasia ductal y lobular; las masas malignas, como carcinomas (complejo, tumor mixto, tubular in situ, túbulopapilar y solido). Los tumores grado I fueron los más prevalentes, seguidos por los grados II y III. La fibrosis se clasifico como discreta, moderada o severa. No se observó diferencia (p>0,05) en el porcentaje de fibrosis entre neoplasias benignas y malignas. No obstante, el porcentaje de fibrosis mostro diferencias (p=0,028) entre subtipos tumorales. La hiperplasia lobular fue diferente en relación a los adenomas quísticos y tumor mixto mamario. El subtipo maligno carcinoma tubular in situ fue diferente respecto a los carcinomas complejo, mixto maligno, sólido, y tubulopapilar. Conclusiones: La fibrosis en los tumores mamarios caninos se puede estimar por la tinción con tricromo de Masson

Doppler and Elastography as complementary diagnostic methods for mammary neoplasms in female cats

Objetivou-se descrever a utilização das técnicas Doppler e elastografia ARFI (acoustic radiation force impulse) na avaliação de neoplasias mamárias de gatas, métodos ainda não utilizados para tal estudo em fêmeas felinas. Após a avaliação física e específica das neoplasias mamárias de duas gatas, foram realizadas as avaliações ultrassonográfica modo-B (ecogenicidade, ecotextura e margeamento), Doppler colorido (característica do fluxo sanguíneo) e espectral (velocidade sistólica/VS; diastólica/VD; e índice de resistência/IR) e a eslatografia ARFI qualitativa (escala de cores) e quantitativa (velocidade de cisalhamento) dos nódulos mamários, avaliando a aplicabilidade destas técnicas para determinar a malignidade dos tumores mamários. Após mastectomia e histopatologia foram diagnosticados: caso 1: carcinoma tubular; e caso 2: carcinoma mamário cribiforme. As características do modo-B foram similares para ambos os casos (heterogeneidade e margens regulares e não invasivas). Ao Doppler verificou-se presença de neovascularização e valores considerados elevados para os índices vasculares (quando comparado com tecidos benignos de outras espécies, como por exemplo caninos) (caso 1 - VS: 23,1cm/s, VD: 8,5cm/s e IR: 0,63; caso 2 - VS: 47,4 e 24,5cm/s; VD: 16,1 e 6,1cm/s e IR: 0,66 e 0,75); assim como os valores da velocidade de cisalhamento dos tecidos (caso 1: 4,07 m/s; caso 2: 4,54 e 6,85 m/s) na elastografia quantitativa; sendo que na avaliação qualitativa observou-se predominante rigidez e não deformidade tecidual, características que podem indicar a malignidade tecidual. Conclui-se que estas técnicas podem auxiliar no estudo de neoplasias mamárias em felinos, sugerindo a implementação destas técnicas de imagem para estudos de tumores mamários em felinos.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Effect of the FSH dose on superovulatory response in Santa Inês ewes.

This study aimed to evaluate the superovulatory response under effect of different FSH doses in superovulatory protocols. Santa Inês ewes (n = 24) received an intravaginal progesterone device (CIDR®) on Day 0, which remains until the Day 8. On Day 0 and 8 were also administered 0.125 mg of a synthetic analogue of PGF2? (Sincrocio®). In conclusion, best results in superovulation treatment in ewes were obtained using FSH dose of 100 mg. Higher doses of FSH (133 mg and 200 mg) are not indicated.Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference of the European Society for Domestic Animal Reproduction (ESDAR) and the 13th Conference of the Spanish Association for Animal Reproduction (AERA), Lisbon, Portugal, 27?29 October 2016

Acoustic radiation force impulse elastography of prostate and testes of healthy dogs: preliminary results

Objectives: To describe the use of acoustic radiation force impulse elastography to evaluate the prostate and testes in healthy dogs and establish reference values for these organs. Methods: Thirty dogs were divided into three groups according to their age: juvenile, adult and senior. Echotexture, size, contours and margins of prostate and testes were assessed via ultrasound. The presence of deformities and tissue stiffness (greyscale and homogeneous or heterogeneous) were evaluated by qualitative acoustic radiation force impulse. The shear velocity was evaluated quantitatively. Results: The B mode findings were normal. The qualitative elastography demonstrated that the testes and prostate tissues were hard, homogeneous and not pliable. The shear velocity values were: left testes - juveniles: 128 m/s, adults: 123 m/s and seniors: 123 m/s; right testes - juveniles: 128 m/s, adults: 128 m/s and seniors: 128 m/s; left prostatic lobe - juveniles: 174 m/s, adults: 203 m/s and seniors: 182 m/s; right prostatic lobe - juvenile: 162 m/s, adults: 187 m/s and seniors: 190 m/s with no significant differences between groups.Clinical significance: Acoustic radiation force impulse elastography of the testes and prostate in dogs was easily implemented. This study provides baseline data for these organs.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Effect of the FSH dose in superovulatory protocols on ovulatory follicle dynamics in ewes.

Abstract: The objective of this study, was to evaluate the exogenous FSH dose effect on gonadotrophic treatment over ewes ovulatory follicle dynamics. Twenty four Santa Inês ewes were submitted to estrus synchronization with intravaginal progesterone device (CIDR®, Pfizer, Hamilton, New Zealand) inserted on Day 0 and remaining until the Day 8. On Day 0 and Day 8 were intramuscular (IM) administered 0.125 mg of PGF2? synthetic analogue (Sincrocio®, Ouro Fino, Cravinhos, Brazil). The gonadotrophic treatment started 48 hours before the progesterone removal (Day 6) when females were randomly allocated into three experimental groups according to the total dose of exogenous porcine FSH (Folltropin-V®, Bioniche, Belleville, Canada): G200 (n = 8) - 200 mg; G133 (n = 8) - 133 mg, and G100 (n = 8) - 100 mg. Total doses were administered in eight IM injections with 12 hours intervals (20, 20, 15, 15, 10, 10, 5 and 5% of a total amount). On Day 6, the females received 300 IU of eCG IM (Novormon®, Shering-Plough S. A., Syntex S.A., Buenos Aires, Argentina). B-mode ultrasonography was performed to assess the follicular growth and ovulation moment of the ovulatory wave. The statistical analysis was performed with software R® (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) and results were compared using the Kruskal Wallis test and Dunns posttest (P 0.05); ovulatory moment occurred later in animals from G200 (h; P = 0.0037; 45.36 ± 11.46) compared with G100 subjects (40.39 ± 12.19) and G133 (39.61 ± 11.11); preovulatory follicle size reduction and preovulatory follicle size reduction rate were greater (mm; mm/day; P = 0.0027 e 0.0024, respectively) in the G200 ewes (0.26 ± 0.38; 0.52 ± 0.77, respectively) compared with the G100 (0.13 ± 0.30; 0.25 ± 0.59, respectively), however were similar on G133 (0.23 ± 0.39; 0.46 ± 0.83, respectively). It was concluded that different exogenous FSH doses (100, 133 and 200 mg) does not interfere in the ovulatory follicle dynamics in superovulatory protocols, exception for ovulatory moment, preovulatory follicle size reduction and preovulatory follicle size reduction rate. [Efeito da dose de FSH em protocolo de superovulação sobre a dinâmica folicular ovulatória em ovelhas]. Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da dose de FSH exógeno no tratamento gonadotrófico sobre a dinâmica folicular ovulatória em ovelhas. Vinte e quatro ovelhas Santa Inês foram submetidas à sincronização do estro com um dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona (CIDR®, Pfizer, Hamilton, Nova Zelândia) inserido no D0 e permaneceu até D8. No D0 e D8 foram administrados 0,125 mg de um análogo sintético da PGF2?, intramuscular (Sincrocio®, Ouro Fino, Cravinhos, Brasil). O tratamento gonadotrófico teve início 48 horas antes da retirada da progesterona (D6), quando as fêmeas foram aleatoriamente divididas em três grupos experimentais de acordo com a dose total de FSH suíno exógeno (Folltropin-V®, Bioniche, Belleville, Canadá): G200 (n=8) - 200 mg; G133 (n=8) - 133 mg; e G100 (n=8) - 100 mg. As doses totais foram administradas em 8 aplicações a intervalos de 12 horas, intramuscular (20, 20, 15, 15, 10, 10, 5 e 5% de FSH). No D6, as fêmeas receberam 300 UI de eCG, intramuscular (Novormon®, Shering-Plough S. A., Syntex S.A., Buenos Aires, Argentina). Foram realizadas avaliações ultrassonográficas (Modo B) com o propósito de acompanhar o crescimento folicular e o momento da ovulação da onda ovulatória. A análise estatística foi realizada com o software R® (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) e os resultados foram comparados pelo teste de Kruskal Wallis e pós-teste de Dunns (P 0,05); momento ovulatório ocorreu tardiamente nos animais pertencentes ao G200 (h; P = 0,0037; 45,36 ± 11,46) em relação ao G100 (40,39 ± 12,19) e G133 (39,61 ± 11,11); redução do tamanho do folículo pré-ovulatório e taxa de redução do tamanho do folículo pré-ovulatório foram maiores (mm; mm/dia; P = 0,0027 e 0,0024, respectivamente) para ovelhas do G200 (0,26 ± 0,38; 0,52 ± 0,77, respectivamente) em relação ao G100 (0,13 ± 0,30; 0,25 ± 0,59, respectivamente), entretanto semelhante ao G133 (0,23 ± 0,39; 0,46 ± 0,83, respectivamente). Pôde-se concluir que diferentes doses de FSH exógeno (100, 133 e 200 mg) não interferem na dinâmica folicular ovulatória em protocolos de superovulação, com exceção do momento ovulatório, redução do tamanho do folículo pré-ovulatório e da taxa de redução do tamanho do folículo pré-ovulatórioProceedings of the 30th Annual Meeting of the Brazilian Embryo Technology Society (SBTE); Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brazil, August 25th to 27th, 2016, and 32nd Meeting of the European Embryo Transfer Association (AETE); Barcelona, Spain, September 9th and 10th, 2016