Potential of Inula racemosa root extract and its fractions to suppress root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita

Nematicidal potential of chloroform root extract of Inula racemosa and its fractions was investigated on egg hatching and mortality of root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Egg masses and second stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita were exposed to different concentrations (0.1-8.0 mg ml-1) of I. racemosa root extract and its fractions. Observations on egg hatch were recorded on 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th day and those of mortality studies were recorded on 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th and 10th day, respectively. Significant mortality as well as egg hatch inhibition was observed for all the tested components at 5 %. The root extract was found to be most effective in controlling egg hatching as complete inhibition was observed at 8.0 mg ml-1 concentration on 1stday of treatment and nonpolar fraction was most effective in causing mortality of J2 of M. incognita as 100 % inhibition was observed at 6.0 and 8.0 mg ml-1 concentration on 2nd day of treatment. Maximum inhibition of egg hatching was observed for root extract at 8.0 mg ml-1 concentration and 100 % mortality was observed for root extract as well as nonpolar fraction at the same concentration. The nonpolar fraction was most effective in causing mortality as maximum mortality was observed at 6.0 and 8.0 mg ml-1 concentration throughout the exposure time. Polar fraction was least effective among all the components both in egg hatch inhibition and J2 mortality of M. incognita. Both the activities showed concentrations as well as time dependence. Results show different role of tested components on egg hatching and mortality of root knot nematode. The root extract of I. racemosa and its fractions showed a potential to develop new nematicide

Medicinal, nutritional and economic security of tribals <span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">from underutilized fruits in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Aravali</i> region of district Sirohi<span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-IN">, Rajasthan<span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-IN"> </span></span></span>

423-432Aravali region of district Sirohi is endowed of plant biodiversity with special mention of semi-arid underutilized fruits. The present study emphasized that in ancient times these fruits were largely used by the natives of tribal area as a prime source of natural medicine and food using their traditional wisdom in the form of fresh fruits, dry fruits, fruit juice, fruit powder, arak, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">chutney, pickle, nutritive wine, drugs, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">triphala and chyavanprash. However, in present scenario, because of changing food habits, taste and prevalence of several food myths & taboos and unawareness about their importance in daily diet, the new generation of tribals discontinued consuming underutilized fruits. It has resulted into malnutrition among those people who discontinued consuming locally available underutilized fruits along with multiple nutrient deficiency disorders. Significantly, high prevalence of nutrients deficiency and occurrence of clinical symptoms of protein energy malnutrition (14.4%), anaemia (33.0%), iodine deficiency disorder (17.0%), vitamin A deficiency (7.4%), vitamin C deficiency (12.40%), calcium deficiency (18.0%) and zinc deficiency (19.20%) were observed in non-consuming groups of tribals. Whereas the group consuming underutilized fruits regularly was found healthier and nutritionally secure. It was also evident that the consuming group has more traditional wisdom for therapeutic uses of available underutilized fruits. In addition, the underutilized fruits have the potential to give economic security to tribals by giving employment and by fetching good returns from their sale in raw form as well as value added products

Chemical composition and biological activity of <em>Coriandrum sativum </em> L.: A review

193-203Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) also called as Cilantro, Arab parsley, Chinese parsley, Kasbour is cultivated for its seeds and foliage for extraction of essential oil using hydrodistillation. The GC-MS compositional analysis of coriander seed essential oil showed the presence of many compounds viz linalool, camphor, geraniol, α–pinene, γ–terpinene, geranyl acetate and limonene. Essential oil of coriander is known to exhibit wide range of biological activities like antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, insecticidal and in addition it also exibit pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, antimicrobial, diuretic, cognition improvement, antidiabetic, antiseptic, antihypertensive, lipolytic, myorelaxant, anticancerous, antimutagenic, and free radical scavenging activities

Chemical composition and biological activity of Coriandrum sativum L.: A review

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) also called as Cilantro, Arab parsley, Chinese parsley, Kasbour is cultivated for its seeds and foliage for extraction of essential oil using hydrodistillation. The GC-MS compositional analysis of coriander seed essential oil showed the presence of many compounds viz linalool, camphor, geraniol, α–pinene, γ–terpinene, geranyl acetate and limonene. Essential oil of coriander is known to exhibit wide range of biological activities like antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, insecticidal and in addition it also exibit pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, antimicrobial, diuretic, cognition improvement, antidiabetic, antiseptic, antihypertensive, lipolytic, myorelaxant, anticancerous, antimutagenic, and free radical scavenging activities

Microplastic contamination, an emerging threat to the freshwater environment: a systematic review

Abstract Microplastics have been noticed as widespread in an aquatic environment at the microscale. They have nonstop increased due to the increase in the production of synthetic plastics, population and poor waste management. They are ubiquitous in nature and slowly degrade in water and soil. They are emerging pollutants that have received interest from public audiences and research communities. They have great stability and can adsorb various other pollutants like pesticides, heavy metals, etc. After entering the freshwater environment, microplastics can be stored in the tissue of organisms and stay for a long time. They can generate a serious threat to freshwater ecosystems and can cause physical damage to organisms. Visual identification, Raman spectroscopy, pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Pyro–GC–MS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and combined methods are the commonly known methods for the quantification and identification of microplastics. The detected concentration of microplastics depends on the sampling method, locations and identification techniques. The authors assessed the sources, transport, impacts, identification and characterization, and treatment of microplastics in freshwater environments in detail. The authors are also giving some recommendations for the minimization of the MPs from the freshwater environment. This review article will provide the baseline facts for the investigators to do more research on microplastic pollution in the future. Graphical Abstrac

Bioactive compounds and medicinal properties of fruit juices

The product. Fruit juices have attained an important place in the modern diets of people belonging to different communities and classes world over. It is the unfermented but fermentable liquid obtained from the edible part of sound, appropriately mature and fresh fruit. Bioactive compounds. Fruit juices contain nutrients like vitamins, minerals, trace elements, energy and phytochemicals including flavonoids, polyphenols and antioxidants that have been shown to have varied health benefits. Medicinal properties. The mode of action of these fruit juice compounds in most cases seems to be by modulating gene activities. Fruit juice as part of a balanced diet offers both good health and profound disease risk reduction properties. As a result, there is high demand as alternative medicine for different kinds of illnesses such as chronic inflammation, arthritis, diabetes, high blood pressure, muscle aches and pains, menstrual difficulties, headaches, heart disease, AIDS, cancers, gastric ulcers, sprains, mental depression, poor digestion, arteriosclerosis, blood vessel problems, and drug addiction. Furthermore, to identify fruit juices as non-consumable in the context of obesity and dental health would deprive the consumer of a perfectly healthy and nutritious food, and would be completely contrary to the evidence noted in the scientific community. Discussion and conclusion. Fruit juices are an excellent choice of drink when consumed moderately as per recommendations

Chemical composition and biological properties of Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty syn. Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash- A Review

Vetiver [Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty syn. Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash] commonly known as khas-khas, khas, khus-khus or khus grass belongs to the family Poaceae. The roots of this grass on steam distillation yield an essential oil mainly consisting of sesquiterpenes (3-4 %), sesquiterpenols (18-25 %) and sesquiterpenones (7-8 %). Among these, the major economically important active compounds are khusimol, α-vetivone and β-vetivone which constitute about 35 % of oil. The commercial grades, viz. Dharini, Gulabi and Kesari and Pusa Hybrid-7, Hybrid-8, Sugandha, KH-8, KH-40, are available in North India and South India, respectively for commercial cultivation. The insecticidal, antimicrobial, herbicidal and antioxidant activities of essential oil and its components like vetivone, zizanal, epizizanal and nootkatone are well known. This review is an effort to collect all the information regarding chemical composition and biological activities of vetiver oil

<span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" lang="EN-GB">Chemical composition and biological properties of <i>Chrysopogon zizanioides</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style:italic"> (L.) Roberty syn. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Vetiveria zizanioides</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style:italic"> (L.) Nash- A Review</span></span></span>

251-260<span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style: italic" lang="EN-GB">Vetiver [Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty syn. Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash] commonly known as khas-khas, khas, khus-khus or khus grass <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic">belongs to the family Poaceae. The roots of this grass on steam distillation yield an essential oil mainly consisting of sesquiterpenes (3-4 %), sesquiterpenols (18-25 %) and sesquiterpenones (7-8 %). Among these, the major economically important active compounds are khusimol, α-vetivone and β-vetivone which constitute about 35 % of oil. The commercial grades, viz. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Dharini, Gulabi and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Kesari and Pusa Hybrid-7, Hybrid-8, Sugandha, KH-8, KH-40, are available in North India and South India, respectively for commercial cultivation. The insecticidal, antimicrobial, herbicidal and antioxidant activities of essential oil and its components like vetivone, zizanal, epizizanal and nootkatone are well known. This review is an effort to collect all the information regarding chemical composition and biological activities of vetiver oil. <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US"> </span