Lenguas en peligro: una herencia de la humanidad en gran necesidad de protección Cuatro acercamientos para apoyar su preservación y mantenimiento

The purpose of this paper is to present and discuss four approaches which support actions in favor of endangered language preservation and maintenance. Preservation, on the one hand, refers to the process of documenting and storing information which can later on be accessed by the public; whereas maintenance, on the other, implies a support for the users of the language to prevent its disappearance by encouraging its use. Each of the approaches is assessed on its priority in one or the other form of language protection, drawing on their justifications and main goals. Finally, conclusions are brought forth regarding the potential uses of the different approaches.El propósito de este artículo es presentar y discutir cuatro aproximaciones que apoyan las acciones en favor de la preservación y mantenimiento de los idiomas en peligro de extinción. La preservación se entiende como el proceso de documentar y almacenar información que pueda ser posteriormente accesible por el público general, mientras que mantenimiento, por otro lado, implica el apoyo a los usuarios del idioma para prevenir la desaparición y promover la continuación de su uso. Cada una de las aproximaciones es evaluada con respecto a su prioridad como forma de proteger el idioma, obtenidas a partir de su justificación y objetivos. Por último, las conclusiones se presentan hacia su uso potencial de las distintas aproximaciones

Identity Negotiations on the Native and Ethnic Colombian Radio: Three Study Cases

The topic of native and ethnic radio, as part of the lack ofresearch on radio in Colombia, has been poorly developed(Cuesta Moreno, 2012a, 2012b). This article shows three studycases: Radio Nasa of Nasa Community, Jujunula Makuira of WayuuCommunity, and Al A With A Wan program of native communityfrom San Andrés island; it also explores the identity perspectivesthat find negotiation spaces in radio production, especially therelationship of their collective identity and the way it affects ordetermines its linguistic use. This research is based on a threestageprocess where producers (practice communities) (Wenger,1998) make a reflection on their function and issue concepts onthe way their identity is reflected from the construction of theirprogramming. Results show that several levels of affiliation toseveral identification facets make it possible to relate, in severalmanners, the communication work of radio and that theseidentifications present in the practice communities have a realimpact on the linguistic radio production of each community.El tema de la radio indígena y étnica, como parte de la falta de investigación sobre la radio en Colombia, ha sido poco desarrollado (Cuesta Moreno, 2012a, 2012b). Este artículo presenta tres casos de estudio: Radio Nasa de la comunidad Nasa, Jujunula Makuira de la comunidad Wayuu y el programa Al a with a wan de la comunidad Raizal del archipiélago de San Andrés, y explora cuáles son las perspectivas de identidad que encuentran espacios de negociación en la producción radiofónica, en particular en la relación de su identidad colectiva y cómo esta afecta o determina su uso lingüístico. La investigación surge de un proceso de tres pasos en donde los encargados de producción, las comunidades de práctica (Wenger, 1998), reflexionan sobre su labor y conceptualizan cómo se ve reflejada su identidad a partir de la construcción temática de su parrilla de programación. Los resultados evidencian que distintos niveles de filiación a varias de las facetas de identificación llevan a relacionar de diversas maneras la labor comunicativa del medio radial, y que estas identificaciones presentes en las comunidades de práctica tienen un efecto real sobre la producción radial lingüística de cada una de ellas

Colombian Television in the 1980s

This article examines the claims that the unique public-private television system of the 1980s provided space for the development of a national sense of community-based on common narratives and decentralization. The sources for the analysis included a revision of its contemporary discussion in printed media coupled with an analysis of TV shows currently available on streaming services and interviews with relevant figures of the time. The television content shot on location was praised for representing the nation, while simultaneously giving rise to debates about decentralization, which was finally addressed by the creation of regional broadcasters. The hybrid system fostered diversity, production quality, and a national representation that was strongly contested from the regions. At the same time, the system unintendedly hampered the creation of an audiovisual archive, and complaints about its tender systems resonate with the plight of contemporary public service broadcasting in Colombia

Negociaciones de identidad en la radio indígena y étnica colombiana: tres casos de estudio

The topic of native and ethnic radio, as part of the lack ofresearch on radio in Colombia, has been poorly developed(Cuesta Moreno, 2012a, 2012b). This article shows three studycases: Radio Nasa of Nasa Community, Jujunula Makuira of WayuuCommunity, and Al A With A Wan program of native communityfrom San Andrés island; it also explores the identity perspectivesthat find negotiation spaces in radio production, especially therelationship of their collective identity and the way it affects ordetermines its linguistic use. This research is based on a threestageprocess where producers (practice communities) (Wenger,1998) make a reflection on their function and issue concepts onthe way their identity is reflected from the construction of theirprogramming. Results show that several levels of affiliation toseveral identification facets make it possible to relate, in severalmanners, the communication work of radio and that theseidentifications present in the practice communities have a realimpact on the linguistic radio production of each community.El tema de la radio indígena y étnica, como parte de la falta de investigación sobre la radio en Colombia, ha sido poco desarrollado (Cuesta Moreno, 2012a, 2012b). Este artículo presenta tres casos de estudio: Radio Nasa de la comunidad Nasa, Jujunula Makuira de la comunidad Wayuu y el programa Al a with a wan de la comunidad Raizal del archipiélago de San Andrés, y explora cuáles son las perspectivas de identidad que encuentran espacios de negociación en la producción radiofónica, en particular en la relación de su identidad colectiva y cómo esta afecta o determina su uso lingüístico. La investigación surge de un proceso de tres pasos en donde los encargados de producción, las comunidades de práctica (Wenger, 1998), reflexionan sobre su labor y conceptualizan cómo se ve reflejada su identidad a partir de la construcción temática de su parrilla de programación. Los resultados evidencian que distintos niveles de filiación a varias de las facetas de identificación llevan a relacionar de diversas maneras la labor comunicativa del medio radial, y que estas identificaciones presentes en las comunidades de práctica tienen un efecto real sobre la producción radial lingüística de cada una de ellas

COVID-19 and the ‘Myriad’: A Comparative Assessment of Emergency Responses from Europe and South America

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted – across intricate borders, different geographies, and legal jurisdictions – that there is only so much that can be done in the way of governance to tackle the challenge posed by a virus. The pandemic is a global problem, one which has affected almost every country in significant and seldom-felt ways. Governments have been forced to react, to respond with emergency measures, temporary rules and legislation, and impose restrictions on freedoms. It has brought to the fore a range of responses, locally, regionally, nationally, and internationally. What is particularly evident across the unfolding of the pandemic is the divergent approaches in introducing governance measures to control behaviour, to share data and information, and to report on the pandemic while holding decision-makers to account. Much of the reporting of government reactions to the pandemic has focussed on emergency restrictions, lockdowns, the suspension of ‘normal’ gatherings, public health data, and tracing apps. Each of these is bundled up with concerns over the interferences with freedoms, a lack of scrutiny and holding to account of governance bodies and lawmakers, and privacy concerns. The new ways of working, governing, and communicating emergency rules is a COVID-19 legacy for governments, but is it one that will shift our expectations? The balance between fundamental freedoms has been – to an extent – pitted against the public health agenda and the nature of the emergency response by governments across the world, but particularly in Germany, the UK, and South America. This article explores the nature of the government responses through emergency measures (and restrictions) and tracing programmes in three countries: Germany, the United Kingdom, and Colombia. The assessment – and comparison – of three countries, across two diverse regions – offers a unique discussion from the perspective of pandemic responses to the COVID-19 emergency. The pandemic itself provides an opportunity to compare countries, governance responses, and legalities that may not otherwise be possible. The myriad of responses seen throughout the pandemic offers a unique opportunity for comparative discussion – this paper provides that discussion, but in so doing, assesses whether it is possible to recommend a ‘one size fits all’ approach to governance emergencies

Broadcasting regulation in Wales Part 1-3

With implications for the content we watch, listen to and enjoy everyday, the future of broadcasting touches upon our collective imagination and identities. It also presents legislative challenges and powers over public service media are hotly contested, with ongoing discussions at both ends of the M4 about the potential for devolved nations to take ownership of their own broadcasting services. The IWA has collaborated with Media Cymru researchers Dr Marlen Komorowski and Enrique Uribe-Jongbloed to lead a research project assessing the current state of regulation and accountability for broadcasters in Wales, and surveying the options available for future models of regulation

Privacy as Public Good – A Comparative Assessment of the Challenge for CoronApps in Latin America

Much of the reporting of the tracing apps, tracking programmes, and privacy concerns during the developmental processes and the initial stages of the Covid-19 pandemic have focussed on pitting digital rights and privacy against public health interests. Undoubtedly, there is best practice in establishing a tracing app to respond to Covid-19 while the work of civil society and NGOs in scrutinising the apps in various nations is vitally important and provides the core analysis of the scope of the data to be collated and retained. The holding to account of tracing systems and governments in utilising technology that is by its very nature invasive is vital in protecting digital rights. In times of crisis in particular, accountability is incredibly important to ensure that digital rights are not pushed aside in light of other concerns. To balance digital rights and privacy, and public health, accountability and transparency are essential – the scrutiny of the track and trace systems in Germany, the UK, and Colombia is therefore undertaken in this paper, which questions from interdisciplinary perspectives the scrutiny, accountability, and privacy concerns in each nation’s app before offering some conclusions and recommendations for the improvement and development of privacy and digital rights in Latin America. The conclusions offered here highlight good practice and outline the need for a holistic consideration of tracing systems, rather than advocating for a ‘one size fits all approach’ by positioning privacy as a public good, rather than an opponent of technological tracing systems

Online Copyright Lessons from Europe: A Note of Warning for Latin American Creative Expression, Memes and Parody

In the absence of international definitions of ‘meme’ and ‘parody’, it is difficult to predict the future of legal protections for such creative (copyright) expressions. Similarly, given the increasingly polarized political nature of different regions in the Americas, Europe, and beyond, reaching consensus on online copyright (or author’s rights) seems to be increasingly difficult. To protect creative expression, online authors, and parodies – for the benefit of all – this paper explores the legal boundaries of creative expression, and argues that culturally acceptable commentary is not the same in each state, nor should it be protected as such. Through an exploration of the freedom to parody, this paper challenges the notion that dominant Western approaches to copyright are suited to Latin American cultural humour. In so doing, it assesses irony, humour, and parody in the EU, and Latin America, before making recommendations about the pitfalls to be avoided in protecting parody