Kako od posameznih delov do celovitejše slike znanja

In this paper we deal with the problem of information that is dispersed and growing so fast that it is difficult to connect it together into a coherent picture as needed for complex problem solving.We present two examples and some methods that have potential to contribute towards putting pieces of knowledge together. The first consists of finding complementary pieces of knowledge in literature that supports hypothesis generation by a well-defined and computer supported method. The second one is sharing and upgrading knowledge in collaborative settings, which still has many non-technical issues to be solved, although well developed in its technical aspectsV članku je obravnavan problem hitrega naraščanja in raztresenosti informacij, kar otežkoča njihovo povezovanje v smiselno celoto, potrebno za reševanje zahtevnih problemov. Predstavljamo dva primera, ki prinašata obete v tej smeri. Prvi je iskanje komplementarnih kosov znanja iz literature, kar podpira generiranje novih hipotez z dobro definirano računalniško metodo. Drugi je izmenjava in nadgrajevanje znanja v sodelovalnih okoljih, kar je tehnično sicer že zelo dobro podprto, vendar pa prinaša s sabo še veliko nerešenih, predvsem netehničnih vprašanj

Influence of site and stand conditions on diversity of soil and vegetation in selected beech and fir-beech forests in the Kočevje region

Raziskava pestrosti talnih razmer in vegetacije na Kočevskem je potekala na štirih raziskovalnih kompleksih. Dva sta bila osnovana v dinarskem jelovo- bukovem gozdu (Omphalodo-Fagetum) na Kočevskem Rogu, dva pa v preddinarskem gorskem bukovem gozdu (Lamio orvalae-Fagetum) in acidofi lnem bukovem gozdu (Blechno-Fagetum) pri Kočevski Reki. Kompleksi so bili sestavljeni iz skupno 11 objektov z različnimi rastiščnimi in sestojnimi razmerami, ti pa iz 60 ploskev. V prvih treh kompleksih na apnencih in dolomitih smo ugotovili šest talnih enot (folični, litični, evtrični in rendzični leptosol, evtrični kambisol, haplični luvisol) in devet humusnih skupin treh humusnih oblik. V četrtem kompleksu na nekarbonatnih skrilavih glinovcih in peščenjakih smo odkrili le eno talno enoto (distrični kambisol), zato pa sedem humusnih skupinznotraj treh humusnih oblik. Skupaj smo na ploskvah popisali 165 višjih rastlin in mahov. Na raziskovalnih ploskvah na apnencih in dolomitih smo v povprečju našli skoraj trikrat več vrst kot na skrilavih glinovcih in peščenjakih. V primerjalni analizi izbranih raziskovalnih objektov smo med njimi ugotovili značilne razlike (npr. odprte sestojne vrzeli vs. sklenjeni sestoji, vrzeli v pragozdnem ostanku vs. umetno oblikovane vrzeli v gospodarskem gozdu, strma skalnata pobočja vs. platoji, vrtače). Specifi čna fl oristična sestava je predvsem rezultat različnih sestojnih in rastiščnih, še posebej talnih razmer ter intenzitete gospodarjenja v preteklosti in sedanjosti.In four research complexes in the Kočevje region, the biodiversity of forest soil conditions and vegetation have been studied. Two of them were in Dinaricfi r-beech forest (Omphalodo-Fagetum association) in the area of Kočevski Rog. Two complexes (Predinaric mountain beech forest of Lamio orvalae-Fagetum association and acidophilic beech forest of Blechno-Fagetum association) were selected south of Kočevje, near Kočevska Reka. The complexesconsisted of 11 objects in various site and stand conditions, and these of 60 research plots. In the fi rst three complexes established on limestones and dolomites, six soil units (Folic, Lithic, Eutric and Rendzic Leptosols, Eutric Cambisols and Haplic Luvisols) and nine humus groups of three humus forms were determined. In the forth complex formed on sandstones and claystones, only one soil unit (Dystric Cambisols) but seven humus groups of three humus forms were found. A total of 165 vascular plants and bryophytes were found. On research plots on limestones and dolomites, almost three times higher number of plant species were established than on sandstones and claystones. The analysis shows a signifi cant difference between the selected research objects (e.g. open stand gaps vs. closed foreststand, gaps in virgin forest remnant vs. man-made gaps in managed forest, steep rocky slopes vs. plateaus, sinkholes). The specifi c fl oristic composition is mostly a result of different stand and sites situations, especially soil conditions, and of the past and current forest management

Preservation of forest soil and vegetation in the Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus L.) habitat within the eastern Karavanke region an the eastern Kamnik-Savinja Alps in Slovenia

V študiji smo preuevali talne in vegetacijske razmere na devetih reprezentativnih ploskvah v habitatu divjega petelina (Tetrao urogallus L.) v visokogorju vzhodnih Karavank in vzhodnih Kamniško-Savinjskih Alp. Raziskave so potekale na ploskvah v razlinih gozdovih na rastiših divjega petelina, ki so bile sistematino izbrane glede na geološko podlago, ekspozicijo in stopnjo ohranjenosti gozdov. V drugotnih smrekovjih, ki so nastali na zarašenih pašnikih in porašajo distrina rjava tla na andezitnih grohih in na gnajsih, smo v primerjavi talnih lastnosti z dobro ohranjenim bukovimi gozdovi na podobnih rastiših zasledili znake degradacijskih procesov. V gozdovih na apnencih in dolomitih je bila rastlinska vrstna pestrost mnogo veja kot v gozdovih na nekarbonatnih kamninah. Floristina sestava in struktura vegetacijesta jasno nakazala stopnjo ohranjenosti oz. spremenjenosti gozdov tako na karbonatni kot tudi nekarbonatni matini podlagi.In the high-montane zone of the eastern Karavanke range and the eastern Kamnik-Savinja Alps of Slovenia, the soil and vegetation conditions on nine representative plots in the Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus L.) habitat were studied. The research was carried out on plots in different forest types within the Capercaillie leks, selected with regard to the different bedrock, exposure and level of forest degradation. By contrast to the well preserved beech forest, degradation processes in dystric soil on andesite tuff and gneiss of secondary spruce forest in the abandoned pastures were detected. In the forests on limestone and dolomite, the plant species diversity is much higher than in the forests on non-carbonate bedrock. On carbonate and non-carbonate bedrock, too, the level of preservation of forests (secondary forest in pastures vs. co-natural forests on permanent forest land) is significantly reflected in the floristic composition and vegetation structure

Status of the new height system development

This paper presents a proposal for a new numbering of levelling polygons and benchmarks. Furthermore, an accuracy analysis is done with regard to: measured height differences, residuals calculated from differences of the forward and backward runs, residuals from loop closures, and results from network adjustments

Impact of the grid cell size and interpolation methods on earthwork volume calculation

Technologies of massive spatial data acquisition from air, \ud compared to a classical terrain measurement, enables an \ud acquisition of large amounts of data in shorter time and \ud with comparable quality. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) \ud photogrammetry is increasingly used in the area of the \ud earthwork volumes determination of landfill or excavation of \ud the building material. Dense multi-image matching obtains \ud high-density point cloud. The input data for the earthwork \ud volumes calculations is a filtered point cloud. The earthwork \ud volume calculations are calculated with the method of \ud surface comparisons of two term measurements, created by \ud a triangulated irregular network (TIN) or grid network. \ud The impacts of different methods for surface interpolation \ud and grid cell size on the earthwork volume calculation are \ud analysed. Reference quantity is the volume, calculated from \ud TIN surfaces. Good interpolation methods and appropriate \ud grid cell sizes are determined with the comparison of volumes \ud from grid and TIN surfaces. The difference between volumes \ud should not exceed 5

Difficulties in Theories Pertaining to the Ethnos, Nation and the Problem of Identity

Planatrna univerzalizacija obstoja je v svoji postmoderni obliki povzročila izgubo človeške identitete; zatorej ni čudno, da se izgubo nadomešča s pomočjo iskanja korenin družbenosti, predvsem s pomočjo iskanja in boja za etnično identiteto. Avtor, ki pojmuje etnično identiteto kot epohalno zgodovinsko prevladajočo obliko integrirane družbene skupnosti, analizira pojmovanje takšne oblike družbenosti znotraj etnologije in je mnenja da le-ta ne vsebuje teoretično utemeljenega znanja o etničnem. Z analizo nekaterih jugoslovanskih in sovjetskih avtorjev pokaže, da se etnosu ne pripisujejo nekatere značilnosti, ki bi ga utemeljile kot družbeno formativno epohalno obliko, ter zatorej niti razlikovanj le-tega do naroda in nacije ni moč dosledno izvesti. Ko navaja tudi eno od nemarksističnih teorij o tvorbi etničnega, UMMU Ibn Khalduna, avtor postavlja vprašanje, kako se etnično kljub vsemu revitalizira tudi v industrijskih družbah, odgovor pa poišče v tem, da etnično ne more biti samo odlika nizko diferenciranih družb. Izhaja to, da je vsaka sodobna dejavno integrirana nacija istočasno tudi etnija. Na bistveno vprašanje: kako je ta soobstoj v sodobnih družbah možen, avtor poišče odgovor v AVTOREFERENCIALNOSTI in AVTOPOESISU dinamičnih, živih človeških skupnosti. Etnično in identiteta tvorijo tisto ENO (tó hén), kar je »moč«, ki zedinja, veže in individualizira. Torej, počelo, ne pa posledica skupnosti.Planetarna univerzalizacija postojanja u svojem postmodernom obliku uzrokovala je gubitak ljudskog identiteta; zato nije čudno da se taj gubitak nadomješta potragom za korijenima društvenosti, prije svega potragom i borbom za etničkim identitetom. Autor, shvaćajući etnički identitet epohalnim prevladavajućim historijskom oblikom integriranih društvenih zajednica, analizira koncepcije takvih oblika u etnologiji, te smatra da ona nema teoretski utemeljen pojam etničnosti. Analizirajući neke jugoslavenske i sovjetske autore pokazuje da se etnosu ne pridaju karakteristike koje bi ga utemeljile kao društveni, formativni i epohalni oblik, te ga zato nije moguće dosljedno razlikovati od pojma naroda i nacije. Navodeći nemarksističku teoriju o tvorbi etničkoga, UMMU Ibn Khalduna, autor postavlja pitanje kako se etničnost, usprkos svemu, revitalizira i u industrijskim društvima. Odgovor nalazi u tome da ona ne mora biti obilježje samo nisko diferenciranih društava. Iz toga slijedi da je svaka suvremena aktivno integrirana nacija također i etnija. Na bitno pitanje kako je takva koegzistencija moguća u suvremenim društvima autor nalazi odgovor u autoreferencijalnosti i autopoesisu dinamičnih, živih ljudskih zajednica. Etničnost i identitet tvore ono jedno (tó hén), što je »snaga« koja ujedinjuje, povezuje i individualizira, te je na taj način počelo, a ne posljedica, zajednice.The planetary universalization of existence in its postmodern form has resulted in the loss of human identity. Thus it is not strange that this loss has been supple¬mented by the search for the roots of sociability. The author, conceiving ethnic identity as the dominant historic integrative form of social communities, analyzes conceptions of such forms in ethnology and notes that this discipline does not have an established idea of ethnicity. Reviewing the notions of certain Yugoslav and Soviet authors, he shows that the ethnos is not defined by characteristics which could establish it as a social, formative, epoch-making form, and therefore it is not possible to consistently diferentiate it from the notions of people and nation Mentioning a non-Marxist theory – Ibn Khaldun\u27s umma – the author poses the question of how ethnicity, despite all, manages to revitalise itself even in industrial societies. He finds the answer in that tehnicity needs not be a characteristic pertaining only to little differentiated societies. It follows that each contemporary, actively integrated nation is also an ethnos. The essential question of how such a co-existence is possible in modern societies finds an answer in the auto-rejerenciallity and autopoesis of dynamic, living human communities. Ethnicity and identity form a ONE (tó hén), which is the “force” that unites, binds and individualises. Thus it is the source and not the effect of community

Ishod vidne oštrine u bolesnika s dijabetičkim makularnim edemom liječenim implantatom deksametazona u rutinskoj kliničkoj praksi

The aim was to evaluate visual outcomes of the real-life usage of dexamethasone (DEX) implants in diabetic macular edema (DME) patients and evaluate the possible additional visual acuity (VA) gain with combined treatment. We retrospectively reviewed medical records of DME patients treated with DEX implants. The mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and mean central retinal thickness (CRT) at baseline and one year were compared. BCVA improved from 58.4±14.9 letters at baseline to 62.4±14.5 letters at one-year evaluation (p=0.002). The mean change in BCVA was 5.2±11.1 letters. CRT decreased from 485.7±146.3 μm at baseline to 391.5±129.0 μm at one year (p<0.001). The mean change in CRT was -89.6±143.3 μm. Patients received a mean of 2.0±0.7 DEX implants. Study eyes were also divided into a group receiving DEX implant monotherapy and a group receiving DEX implant and vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor (anti-VEGF) therapy. Changes in BCVA and CRT and the number of DEX implant injections were compared between the two groups. No difference in VA gain was found between the eyes receiving monotherapy and the eyes receiving combined treatment. In conclusion, DEX implant therapy was effective in gaining vision in DME patients. No additional VA gain was achieved with combined treatment.Cilj je bio procijeniti ishod vidne oštrine (VA) uz primjenu implantata deksametazona (DEX) u stvarnom životu kod bolesnika s dijabetičkim makularnim edemom (DME) te moguće dodatno poboljšanje VA uz kombinirano liječenje. Proveden je retrospektivni pregled medicinske dokumentacije bolesnika liječenih implantatom DEX zbog DME. Uspoređivane su srednje vrijednosti najbolje korigirane vidne oštrine (BCVA) i srednje vrijednosti centralne debljine mrežnice (CRT) na početku i nakon godinu dana. BCVA se poboljšala s 58,4±14,9 slova u početnoj procjeni na 62,4±14,5 slova pri procjeni nakon godinu dana (p=0,002). Srednja promjena BCVA iznosila je 5,2±11,1 slova. CRT se smanjio s 485,7±146,3 μm na početnoj razini na 391,5±129,0 μm nakon godinu dana (p<0,001). Srednja promjena CRT bila je -89,6±143,3 μm. Bolesnici su primili u prosjeku 2,0±0,7 implantata DEX. Oči su podijeljene u skupinu koja je primala monoterapiju implantatom DEX i skupinu koja je primala kombinaciju implantata DEX i blokatora vaskularnog endotelnog faktora rasta (anti-VEGF). Promjene u BCVA i CRT te broj injekcija implantata DEX uspoređene su između dviju skupina. Nije utvrđena razlika u poboljšanju VA između dviju skupina. Zaključeno je da je implantat DEX bio učinkovit u poboljšanju vida kod bolesnika s DME. Kombiniranim liječenjem nije postignuto dodatno poboljšanje VA