Clay smear: Review of mechanisms and applications

AbstractClay smear is a collection of fault processes and resulting fault structures that form when normal faults deform layered sedimentary sections. These elusive structures have attracted deep interest from researchers interested in subsurface fluid flow, particularly in the oil and gas industry. In the four decades since the association between clay-smear structures and oil and gas accumulations was introduced, there has been extensive research into the fault processes that create clay smear and the resulting effects of that clay smear on fluid flow. We undertake a critical review of the literature associated with outcrop studies, laboratory and numerical modeling, and subsurface field studies of clay smear and propose a comprehensive summary that encompasses all of these elements. Important fault processes that contribute to clay smear are defined in the context of the ratio of rock strength and in situ effective stresses, the geometric evolution of fault systems, and the composition of the faulted section. We find that although there has been progress in all avenues pursued, progress has been uneven, and the processes that disrupt clay smears are mostly overlooked. We highlight those research areas that we think will yield the greatest benefit and suggest that taking these emerging results within a more process-based framework presented here will lead to a new generation of clay smear models

The Use of Schema Activation Strategy for Teaching Writing Recount Text

: The purpose of this research was to find out whether or not the schema activation strategy increase students\u27 writing skill of recount text on the tenth grade students of SMA Negeri 8 Pontianak. The form of this research was a Pre-Experimental design by using single group pre-test and post-test design. The population of the research is the tenth grade students of SMA Negeri 8 Pontianak consisted of 312 students. From the population, the sample class X MIA 4 is taken randomly with 39 students. The result of t-test obtains 6.03 that is bigger than t-table 1.6860. If the obtained t result is bigger (or equal to) the critical t-value, then the null hypothesis is rejected. It means that increasing the students\u27 skill in writing recount text through the use of schema activation indicates a significance different result between the pre-test and post-test. The use of schema activation strategy for teaching writing recount text succeeded in increasing students\u27 writing text. The students\u27 writing score was improved and students can write recount text well and enjoyed in learning English writing

Persepsi Masyarakat Mengenai Tradisi Mandi Safar Ditinjau dari Nilai Pancasila di Desa Sungai Buluh Kecamatan Singkep Barat Kabupaten Lingga Kepulauan Riau

This research is in the background by one tradition in Malay society, which tradition is commonly called Safar Bath. The existence of safar bath tradition is currently being carried out in the Malay community of Sungai Buluh Village. The formulation of the problem in this research is how is the public perception of safar bath tradition in terms of the value of Pancasila in the village of Sungai Buluh regency lingga Riau Islands ?. The purpose of this research is to know public perception about safar bath tradition in terms of value of pancasila in rivers river village regency lingga Riau archipelago. The population of this study is the entire community in Sungai Buluh Village which is 1745 people and 540 kk. According to opinion (Sugiyono, 2013: 124) To determine the size of the sample then the author uses purposive sampling. Purposive sampling is a technique of taking or determining the sample with certain considerations. Based on the opinion Sugiyono that researchers allowed to determine the desired sample with certain considerations and in harmony with the purposive sampling of 30 people. Data collected through observation, questionnaires, interviews, and library techniques. In the data analysis using qualitative descriptive analysis.Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that the percentage of respondents' responses recapitulation answer about the perception of the community about the safar bath tradition in terms of the value of Pancasila in the village of Sungai Buluh sub-district of West Singkep regency lingga Riau Islands, which answered "Yes" 63,6 who answered "No" 36,4% Hypothesis which states that there are values of Pancasila in the tradition of Safar Baths in Sungai Buluh Village, Singkep Barat District, Lingga Regency, Riau Islands

Designing English and Science Game in Android as Teaching Material to Support Clil Approach

This research is to design a game as material to support Content Language Integrated Learning Approach(CLIL) which is applied on Science subject on 5th grade students of Cerdas Istimewa class on SD Muhammadiyah 2 Pontianak. The method of this research is development research that uses ADDIE instructional development procedure (Analysis, Design, Development, Implement, dan Evaluation). The result of this research is a game that helps students to learn the specific science term or basic vocabulary in lifecycle topic of science subject. The game has been already evaluated by expert in media and learning. As the result, the media expert evaluation is 4.65 that is classified as feasible to be used as instructional media. The result of the subject matter evaluation is 4.29 that mean feasible to be used as supplementary material to support the CLIL approach for Science subject

The Jabal Akhdar Dome in the Oman Mountains : evolution of a dynamic fracture system

Acknowledgments: This study was carried out within the framework of DGMK (German Society for Petroleum and Coal Science and Technology) research project 718 “Mineral Vein Dynamics Modelling,” which is funded by the companies ExxonMobil Production Deutschland GmbH, GDF SUEZ E&P Deutschland GmbH, RWE Dea AG and Wintershall Holding GmbH, within the basic research program of the WEG Wirtschaftsverband Erdo¨l- und Erdgasgewinnung e.V. We thank the companies for their financial support and their permission to publish these results. The German University of Technology in Oman (GU-Tech) is acknowledged for its logistic support. We gratefully acknowledge the reviewers Andrea Billi and Jean-Paul Breton, whose constructive reviews greatly improved the manuscriptPeer reviewedPreprin

Evolution of a highly dilatant fault zone in the grabens of Canyonlands National Park, Utah, USA - Integrating fieldwork, ground-penetrating radar and airborne imagery analysis

Abstract. The grabens of Canyonlands National Park are a young and active system of sub-parallel, arcuate grabens, whose evolution is the result of salt movement in the subsurface and a slight regional tilt of the faulted strata. We present results of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys in combination with field observations and analysis of high-resolution airborne imagery. GPR data show intense faulting of the Quaternary sediments at the flat graben floors, implying a more complex fault structure than visible at the surface. Direct measurements of heave and throw at several locations to infer fault dips at depth, combined with observations of primary joint surfaces in the upper 100 m, suggest a highly dilatant fault geometry. Sinkholes observed in the field as well as in airborne imagery give insights in local dilatancy and show where water and sediments are transported underground. Based on correlations of paleosols observed in outcrops and GPR profiles, we argue that either the grabens in Canyonlands National Park are older than previously assumed or that sedimentation rates were much higher in the Pleistocene. This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Copernicus Publications via http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-6-839-2015 The supplement related to this article is available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-6-839-2015-supplemen

There is no mouse: using a virtual mouse to generate training data for video-based pose estimation

Action Contro