Dirac versus Reduced Quantization of the Poincar\'{e} Symmetry in Scalar Electrodynamics

The generators of the Poincar\'{e} symmetry of scalar electrodynamics are quantized in the functional Schr\"{o}dinger representation. We show that the factor ordering which corresponds to (minimal) Dirac quantization preserves the Poincar\'{e} algebra, but (minimal) reduced quantization does not. In the latter, there is a van Hove anomaly in the boost-boost commutator, which we evaluate explicitly to lowest order in a heat kernel expansion using zeta function regularization. We illuminate the crucial role played by the gauge orbit volume element in the analysis. Our results demonstrate that preservation of extra symmetries at the quantum level is sometimes a useful criterion to select between inequivalent, but nevertheless self-consistent, quantization schemes.Comment: 24 page

Social media usage in academic research

Recently researchers have used “conversation prism” and “social media prisma”, to consolidate social medias with respect to their use. Although both identified 25 types, having average five examples each, they did not identify contribution of each type in academic research. Moreover some of mentioned social services had been suspended or changed. In this paper we attempt to access each social media mentioned in conversation prism in order to first, identify services that are operational to date, services which have suspended and those which have changed during course of time. Second, we compare number of publications associated with each social media, in order to identify which social media has contributed most to academic research. Third, we attempt to find correlation between number of publications and development tools provided by respective social applications. Fourth, social medias are ranked with respect to number of times other social medias share content with respective social application. It was found that out of 168 social applications, 10% changed their service objective while 13% were suspended. Among all social application, AMAZON had highest i.e. 147,000 number of citations on Google scholar whereas 90.7% of total citations were contributed by top 30 social medias. For developers, 22 out of top 30 social medias provided developer options in form of either application programming interface (API) or software development kits (SDK) and Facebook was found to be most cross referred social media based on content sharing. Finally conclusion and future work of study is presented

Cholate Conjugated Polymeric Amphiphiles as Efficient Artificial Ionophores

A family of amphiphilic copolymers containing hydrophobic cholate pendants has been prepared by copolymerization of cholic acid-based monomer 2-(methacryloxy)-ethyl cholate (MAECA) with polyethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA). The polymers differ for the content of MAECA that increases from 0 to 35%. The copolymers partition within liposomes and display potent ionophoric activity forming large pores in the membrane and allowing the leakage of small inorganic ions (H+, Na+) and of large polar organic molecules (calcein). Their activity is strictly correlated to the content of cholic acid subunits, increasing as the fraction of cholate moiety increases

An Extensible Open-Source Compiler Infrastructure for Testing

Testing forms a critical part of the development process for large-scale software, and there is growing need for automated tools that can read, represent, analyze, and transform the application's source code to help carry out testing tasks. However, the support required to compile applications written in common general purpose languages is generally inaccessible to the testing research community. In this paper, we report on an extensible, open-source compiler infrastructure called ROSE, which is currently in development at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. ROSE specifically targets developers who wish to build source-based tools that implement customized analyses and optimizations for large-scale C, C++, and Fortran90 scientific computing applications (on the order of a million lines of code or more). However, much of this infrastructure can also be used to address problems in testing, and ROSE is by design broadly accessible to those without a formal compiler background. This paper details the interactions between testing of applications and the ways in which compiler technology can aid in the understanding of those applications. We emphasize the particular aspects of ROSE, such as support for the general analysis of whole programs, that are particularly well-suited to the testing research community and the scale of the problems that community solves

Effect of sediment load boundary conditions in predicting sediment Delta of Tarbela Reservoir in Pakistan

Setting precise sediment load boundary conditions plays a central role in robust modeling of sedimentation in reservoirs. In the presented study, we modeled sediment transport in Tarbela Reservoir using sediment rating curves (SRC) and wavelet artificial neural networks (WA-ANNs) for setting sediment load boundary conditions in the HEC-RAS 1D numerical model. The reconstruction performance of SRC for finding the missing sediment sampling data was at R-2 = 0.655 and NSE = 0.635. The same performance using WA-ANNs was at R-2 = 0.771 and NSE = 0.771. As the WA-ANNs have better ability to model non-linear sediment transport behavior in the Upper Indus River, the reconstructed missing suspended sediment load data were more accurate. Therefore, using more accurately-reconstructed sediment load boundary conditions in HEC-RAS, the model was better morphodynamically calibrated with R-2 = 0.980 and NSE = 0.979. Using SRC-based sediment load boundary conditions, the HEC-RAS model was calibrated with R-2 = 0.959 and NSE = 0.943. Both models validated the delta movement in the Tarbela Reservoir with R-2 = 0.968, NSE = 0.959 and R-2 = 0.950, NSE = 0.893 using WA-ANN and SRC estimates, respectively. Unlike SRC, WA-ANN-based boundary conditions provided stable simulations in HEC-RAS. In addition, WA-ANN-predicted sediment load also suggested a decrease in supply of sediment significantly to the Tarbela Reservoir in the future due to intra-annual shifting of flows from summer to pre- and post-winter. Therefore, our future predictions also suggested the stability of the sediment delta. As the WA-ANN-based sediment load boundary conditions precisely represented the physics of sediment transport, the modeling concept could very likely be used to study bed level changes in reservoirs/rivers elsewhere in the world

Preliminary analysis of cryopreservation of Dendrobium Bobby Messina orchid using an encapsulation-dehydration technique with Evans blue assay

In vitro grown protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of Dendrobium Bobby Messina hybrid were cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen (LN) at -196°C by an encapsulation-dehydration technique. PLBs (1 to 2 and 3 to 4 mm) were precultured in half strength semi-solid MS media supplemented with six different concentrations of sucrose (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 M). The PLBs were then encapsulated to form the beads in halfstrength liquid MS media supplemented with different concentrations of sodium alginate (2.5, 3.0 and 3.5%). The beads were placed in 2 ml cryovials and plunged into LN for 24 h. The beads were then thawed in a 40°C water bath for 90 s and were placed in recovery media composed of half strength semisolid MS media supplemented with 2% sucrose for four days under dark condition. After 12 days, the Evans blue dye assay was carried out to determine the viability of the PLBs. The highest viability was found in 1 to 2mm PLBs precultured in half strength semi-solid MS media supplemented with 1.0 M sucrose and encapsulated in 2.5% sodium alginate. Biochemical content analyses (chlorophyll, total soluble protein and peroxidase activities) were done to investigate the physiological responses of the PLBs after cryopreservation.Key words: Orchid, protocorm-like bodies, Dendrobium Bobby Messina, encapsulation-dehydration

Automated COVID-19 and Heart Failure Detection Using DNA Pattern Technique with Cough Sounds.

COVID-19 and heart failure (HF) are common disorders and although they share some similar symptoms, they require different treatments. Accurate diagnosis of these disorders is crucial for disease management, including patient isolation to curb infection spread of COVID-19. In this work, we aim to develop a computer-aided diagnostic system that can accurately differentiate these three classes (normal, COVID-19 and HF) using cough sounds. A novel handcrafted model was used to classify COVID-19 vs. healthy (Case 1), HF vs. healthy (Case 2) and COVID-19 vs. HF vs. healthy (Case 3) automatically using deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) patterns. The model was developed using the cough sounds collected from 241 COVID-19 patients, 244 HF patients, and 247 healthy subjects using a hand phone. To the best our knowledge, this is the first work to automatically classify healthy subjects, HF and COVID-19 patients using cough sounds signals. Our proposed model comprises a graph-based local feature generator (DNA pattern), an iterative maximum relevance minimum redundancy (ImRMR) iterative feature selector, with classification using the k-nearest neighbor classifier. Our proposed model attained an accuracy of 100.0%, 99.38%, and 99.49% for Case 1, Case 2, and Case 3, respectively. The developed system is completely automated and economical, and can be utilized to accurately detect COVID-19 versus HF using cough sounds

Oštećenja u aluminiju proizvedena zračenjem iz CO2 i Nd:YAG lasera

The change in the electrical properties of pure aluminium (Al 99.999%) after exposure to CO2 (energy = 2.5 J/pulse, wavelength = 10.6 µm, pulse duration = 200 nsec) and Nd:YAG (energy = 10 mJ/pulse, wavelength = 1.06 µm and pulse duration = 12 nsec) laser radiation is investigated. The samples were exposed to laser radiations for different numbers of pulses. The change in electrical characteristics of Al is studied under different ambient conditions, after irradiating the samples in air, vacuum and hydrogen at different pressures. After exposure, the electrical conductivity of Al is measured by the four probe method. The electrical conductivity decreases with increasing number of pulses. The damage in air and in hydrogen is more pronounced than in vacuum which can be attributed to collisionnal sputtering of Al by plasma ions of air molecules and hydrogen, respectively. The change in the conductivity in hydrogen is pressure-dependent. Some theoretical considerations are also made, e.g. the phonon speed in Al during the photon interaction, minimal melting and evaporation energy per volume, damage threshold energy, penetration depth, the mass of heated volume and average temperature rise at the Al surface during laser irradiation.Proučavamo promjene električnih svojstava čistog aluminija (Al 99.999%) nakon obasjavanja CO2 (energija = 2.5 J/puls, valna duljina = 10.6 µm, trajanje pulsa = 200 nsec) i Nd:YAG (energija = 10 mJ/puls, valna duljina = 1.06 µm, trajanje pulsa = 12 nsec) laserima. Uzorci su izloženi različitim brojevima pulseva. Proučavali smo promjene električne vodljivosti Al s uzorcima u zraku, vakuumu i u vodiku. Nakon obasjavanja mjerili smo električnu vodljivost metodom četiriju spojišta. Električna se vodljivost smanjuje nakon povećanog broja pulseva. Oštećenja u zraku i vodiku veća su nego u vakuumu, što se pripisuje sudarnom rasprašivanju Al ionima molekula zraka odnosno vodika u plazmi. Promjena vodljivosti uzoraka obasjanih u vodiku ovisna je o tlaku. Razmotrili smo neke teorijske rezultate, npr. fononsku brzinu u Al tijekom obasjavanja, minimalnu energiju taljenja i isparavanja po jedinici volumena, energijski prag oštećenja, dubinu prodiranja, masu zagrijanog volumena i prosječno povećanje temperature površine Al tijekom obasjavanja

Oštećenja u aluminiju proizvedena zračenjem iz CO2 i Nd:YAG lasera

The change in the electrical properties of pure aluminium (Al 99.999%) after exposure to CO2 (energy = 2.5 J/pulse, wavelength = 10.6 µm, pulse duration = 200 nsec) and Nd:YAG (energy = 10 mJ/pulse, wavelength = 1.06 µm and pulse duration = 12 nsec) laser radiation is investigated. The samples were exposed to laser radiations for different numbers of pulses. The change in electrical characteristics of Al is studied under different ambient conditions, after irradiating the samples in air, vacuum and hydrogen at different pressures. After exposure, the electrical conductivity of Al is measured by the four probe method. The electrical conductivity decreases with increasing number of pulses. The damage in air and in hydrogen is more pronounced than in vacuum which can be attributed to collisionnal sputtering of Al by plasma ions of air molecules and hydrogen, respectively. The change in the conductivity in hydrogen is pressure-dependent. Some theoretical considerations are also made, e.g. the phonon speed in Al during the photon interaction, minimal melting and evaporation energy per volume, damage threshold energy, penetration depth, the mass of heated volume and average temperature rise at the Al surface during laser irradiation.Proučavamo promjene električnih svojstava čistog aluminija (Al 99.999%) nakon obasjavanja CO2 (energija = 2.5 J/puls, valna duljina = 10.6 µm, trajanje pulsa = 200 nsec) i Nd:YAG (energija = 10 mJ/puls, valna duljina = 1.06 µm, trajanje pulsa = 12 nsec) laserima. Uzorci su izloženi različitim brojevima pulseva. Proučavali smo promjene električne vodljivosti Al s uzorcima u zraku, vakuumu i u vodiku. Nakon obasjavanja mjerili smo električnu vodljivost metodom četiriju spojišta. Električna se vodljivost smanjuje nakon povećanog broja pulseva. Oštećenja u zraku i vodiku veća su nego u vakuumu, što se pripisuje sudarnom rasprašivanju Al ionima molekula zraka odnosno vodika u plazmi. Promjena vodljivosti uzoraka obasjanih u vodiku ovisna je o tlaku. Razmotrili smo neke teorijske rezultate, npr. fononsku brzinu u Al tijekom obasjavanja, minimalnu energiju taljenja i isparavanja po jedinici volumena, energijski prag oštećenja, dubinu prodiranja, masu zagrijanog volumena i prosječno povećanje temperature površine Al tijekom obasjavanja

Band termination in the N=Z Odd-Odd Nucleus 46V

High spin states in the odd-odd N=Z nucleus 46V have been identified. At low spin, the T=1 isobaric analogue states of 46Ti are established up to I = 6+. Other high spin states, including the band terminating state, are tentatively assigned to the same T=1 band. The T=0 band built on the low-lying 3+ isomer is observed up to the 1f7/2-shell termination at I=15. Both signatures of a negative parity T=0 band are observed up to the terminating states at I = 16- and I = 17-, respectively. The structure of this band is interpreted as a particle-hole excitation from the 1d3/2 shell. Spherical shell model calculations are found to be in excellent agreement with the experimental results.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure