DEGREE OF TAX BUOYANCY IN INDIA : AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

An attempt is made in the present to provide an empirical content to differential coefficient of tax [revenue] buoyancy during post tax reform period in India by fitting a double-log regression model with an interaction variable to the stationary time series data based on Augmented - Dicky Fuller [ ADF ] and Phillips-Parron [PP] Tests . The period after 1992 is considered as post tax reform period to look at the prognostications of tax reforms that had been initiated by the government of India. The regression results illustrate that the estimate of constant gross tax buoyancy is positively significant and more than unity during pre tax reform period illuminating that gross tax is moderately elastic. From this upshot it can be comprehended that a one percent increase in income leads to increase the gross tax revenue by more than one percent, all else equal. Further it can be understood that the average propensity to tax [ratio of Gross Tax Revenue to Gross Domestic Product ] was increasing with the increase in Gross Domestic Product during pre tax reform period. The regression coefficient of interaction variable is significantly negative and stumpy showing a downward shift in the degree of tax buoyancy during post tax reform period. The estimate of the tax buoyancy, which was just above the unity during pre tax reform period, is less than unity during post tax reform period evincing the fact that the gross Tax is relatively inelastic. From this it can also be understood that the average propensity to tax is declining with the increase in Gross Domestic Product during post tax reform period. Thus the estimates of gross tax buoyancy during pre and post tax reform periods are not stable.

ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION BETWEEN LABOUR AND CAPITAL ACROSS TWENTY SIX MAJOR INDUSTRIES IN INDIA DURING 2004-05

The magnitude of the elasticity of substitution between labour and capital across twenty six major Industries [Factory Sector] in India has been estimated in the present paper by fitting a Constant Elasticity of Substitution Production Function for the year 2004-05.The empirical results emerged out of the cross section data demonstrate that the estimate of the elasticity of substitution between labour and capital across the major Indian Industries is significantly more than unity implying that substitution possibilities are rather more in favour of labour in the Indian major IndustriesIndustry, Production Function, India, Elasticity of Substitution, Economic Development

Differential Elasticity of Substitution in the Indian Industries

The paper specifically focuses on the impact of reforms to see whether there has been any shift in the differential elasticity of substitution between labour and capital in Indian industry. The main conclusion of the paper is that there are differential elasticities of substitution between labour and capital, both pre and post economic reform period in India, hence substitution possibilities are relatively skewed in favour of labour during post economic reform in the Indian industry., CES Production Function, Differential Elasticity, Economic Reforms

Savings Behaviour in the Indian Economy

An attempt has been made in the present exercise to examine the savings behaviour in the Indian Economy in terms of shift in the growth rates of domestic savings, and in magnitude of income elasticity of the domestic savings at the aggregate and disaggregate levels during post economic reform period. The results show that there is no shift in the growth rate of the domestic savings both at aggregate and disaggregate levels during post economic reform period. However there has been acceleration in the growth rates of domestic savings of household and private sectors and deceleration in public sector during 1950--2002. The estimate of constant income elasticity of household savings is found to be more than unity implying that the marginal propensity to save is higher than the average propensity to save, all else equal. Further the constant income elasticity of household savings is moderately higher than that of the income elasticities of domestic savings estimated for private and public sectors during pre economic reform period. The results point out that there is no shift in the magnitude of income elasticity of savings of household, private and public sectors during post economic reform period showing the homogeneity in the size of the income elasticity of domestic savings. Thus the economic reforms that have been initiated in 1992 could not bump up the growth rate of savings and magnitude of the income elasticity of domestic savings both at aggregate and disaggregate levels in the Indian Economy during post economic reform period.

Internet of Things Based Smart Agriculture and Applications

Introduction of internet of things brought many changes in different fields like medical, transportation etc. Advancement of this technology has become one of the major advantages to live a happy and smart life. And due to the recent climatic conditions which are rapidly changing, it has become difficult for the farmer to use the regular practice. Mainly agriculture includes farming and cattle management, this paper discuss about few applications that result in effective farming and efficient cattle management. This paper gives a brief idea to the reader about hardware components that can be implemented in agricultural practices. The main intention of this paper is to convert traditional agriculture to smart agriculture by implementing various applications like smart irrigation system, livestock monitoring system, smart greenhouses and agricultural drones. In all, the applications discussed in this paper include the information collected by these systems are sent as alerts or Short Messaging Services (SMS) to the farmers. It also narrates , why we need smart agriculture and what are different applications to be implemented in one’s farm

Artificially Introduced Aneuploid Chromosomes Assume a Conserved Position in Colon Cancer Cells

BACKGROUND: Chromosomal aneuploidy is a defining feature of carcinomas. For instance, in colon cancer, an additional copy of Chromosome 7 is not only observed in early pre-malignant polyps, but is faithfully maintained throughout progression to metastasis. These copy number changes show a positive correlation with average transcript levels of resident genes. An independent line of research has also established that specific chromosomes occupy a well conserved 3D position within the interphase nucleus. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We investigated whether cancer-specific aneuploid chromosomes assume a 3D-position similar to that of its endogenous homologues, which would suggest a possible correlation with transcriptional activity. Using 3D-FISH and confocal laser scanning microscopy, we show that Chromosomes 7, 18, or 19 introduced via microcell-mediated chromosome transfer into the parental diploid colon cancer cell line DLD-1 maintain their conserved position in the interphase nucleus. CONCLUSIONS: Our data is therefore consistent with the model that each chromosome has an associated zip code (possibly gene density) that determines its nuclear localization. Whether the nuclear localization determines or is determined by the transcriptional activity of resident genes has yet to be ascertained

Potential Impacts of Free Trade Areas and Common Currency on Sustainable Agricultural Export in Africa

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Genetic profiling of chromosome 1 in breast cancer: mapping of regions of gains and losses and identification of candidate genes on 1q

Chromosome 1 is involved in quantitative anomalies in 50–60% of breast tumours. However, the structure of these anomalies and the identity of the affected genes remain to be determined. To characterise these anomalies and define their consequences on gene expression, we undertook a study combining array-CGH analysis and expression profiling using specialised arrays. Array-CGH data showed that 1p was predominantly involved in losses and 1q almost exclusively in gains. Noticeably, high magnitude amplification was infrequent. In an attempt to fine map regions of copy number changes, we defined 19 shortest regions of overlap (SROs) for gains (one at 1p and 18 at 1q) and of 20 SROs for losses (all at 1p). These SROs, whose sizes ranged from 170 kb to 3.2 Mb, represented the smallest genomic intervals possible based on the resolution of our array. The elevated incidence of gains at 1q, added to the well-established concordance between DNA copy increase and augmented RNA expression, made us focus on gene expression changes at this chromosomal arm. To identify candidate oncogenes, we studied the RNA expression profiles of 307 genes located at 1q using a home-made built cDNA array. We identified 30 candidate genes showing significant overexpression correlated to copy number increase. In order to substantiate their involvement, RNA expression levels of these candidate genes were measured by quantitative (Q)-RT–PCR in a panel of 25 breast cancer cell lines previously typed by array-CGH. Q–PCR showed that 11 genes were significantly overexpressed in the presence of a genomic gain in these cell lines, and 20 overexpressed when compared to normal breast

Prognostic Role of Androgen Receptor in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: A Multi-Institutional Study

Background: Androgen Receptor (AR) has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for AR-positive triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, conflicting reports regarding AR’s prognostic role in TNBC are putting its usefulness in question. Some studies conclude that AR positivity indicates a good prognosis in TNBC whereas others suggest the opposite, and some show that AR status has no significant bearing on the patients’ prognosis. Methods: We evaluated the prognostic value of AR in resected primary tumors from TNBC patients from six international cohorts {US (n=420), UK (n=239), Norway (n=104), Ireland (n=222), Nigeria (n=180), and India (n=242); total n=1407}. All TNBC samples were stained with the same anti-AR antibody using the same immunohistochemistry protocol, and samples with ≥1% of AR-positive nuclei were deemed AR-positive TNBCs. Results: AR status shows population-specific patterns of association with patients’ overall survival after controlling for age, grade, population, and chemotherapy. We found AR-positive status to be a marker of good prognosis in US and Nigerian cohorts, a marker of poor prognosis in Norway, Ireland and Indian cohorts, and neutral in UK cohort. Conclusion: AR status, on its own, is not a reliable prognostic marker. More research to investigate molecular subtype composition among the different cohorts is warranted