Pharmacognostic evaluation of Achyranthes coynei: Leaf

AbstractAchyranthes coynei Sant., (Amaranthaceae) is a rare, medicinal shrub, endemic to India. The plant especially, leaves are used in treatment of various disorders by folk healers. It has been scientifically evaluated for its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Pharmacognostic studies have not been carried out so far in this plant. So, the present study was undertaken to evaluate pharmacognostic characters of leaf of A. coynei. The studies were carried out in terms of morphological, microscopic characters and physicochemical parameters using standard methods. Leaf size (15–23 × 7–10 cm) and petiole nature (pink above and green beneath) were the distinguishing morphological character observed in the present study. Transverse section of leaf and petiole showed presence of long, multi-cellular, warty trichomes with pointed apex and short, glandular trichomes with blunt apex on thick walled epidermis; conjoint, collateral closed, endarch vascular bundles; rosette crystals of calcium oxalate in ground tissue. Ash and extractive values, micro and macro elements and nutritive factors were estimated. Leaf powder showed fluorescence under the influence of different solvents. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins and triterpenoids. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatorgraphic (HPTLC) analysis yielded eight bands in leaf extract. The study forms the first report on pharamcognostic characters for A. coynei, which could be useful for identification and authentication of the plant

Comparative HPTLC analysis of stem and leaf of Achyranthes coynei with Achyranthes aspera

Leaf and stem materials of Achyranthes coynei and Achyranthes aspera were used for HPTLC analysis. HPTLC plates were developed on n-hexane: ethyl acetate (5:1 v/v) solvent system. The densitometric profiles were evaluated to elucidate differences within and among the species. The Rf values and number of peaks obtained in densitrogram indicated chemical variation in the species. Although, both species had more or less equal number of peaks, their Rf values, %height and %area varied. Thus HPTLC analysis in absence of external standards, proved to be an informative tool for evaluating differences between these species and their parts

Effect of method and time of extraction on total phenolic content in comparison with antioxidant activities in different parts of Achyranthes aspera

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of extraction method with respect to time of exposure on total phenolic content and antioxidant potential of methanolic extracts (95%) from Achyranthes aspera leaves, stem and roots. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method and antioxidant potential was tested using DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assays. Plant populations aged 60 and 120 days were considered during the study. Overall, highest TPC was evident in mature plants (120 days) compared to younger (60 days). Similarly, leaves accumulated higher phenolics followed by roots and stem. Results showed the MAE technique to be efficient over USE and CSE methods. Same was evident in both the antioxidant assays tested. A similar trend was observed in both antioxidant assays as that of TPC, indicating phenolics to be the major contributor in the antioxidant potential of the plant. In conclusion it can be said that the yield of phenolic compounds depends on parameters viz. age of plant, part used for extraction, method of extraction and time required for the same

Not Available

Not AvailableThe bark and heartwood of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. are known for toxicity against different organisms. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of leaves and saw dust extract of A. auriculiformis against the wood decay fungi like Trametes versicolor and Oligoporus placenta using bioassay method. The experiment was conducted during 2017-18 at College of Forestry, Sirsi (Karnataka) India. Saw dust extract at 0.5% concentration level showed 46.80% and 29.40% inhibition against T. versicolor and O. placenta, respectively. T. versicolor and O. placenta was inhibited by 15.32% and 47.80%, respectively, at 1% concentration of saw dust. The inhibition per cent of saw dust extract against wood decay fungi was higher in comparison to leaf extract. The results indicated that A. auriculiformis saw dust extract can be used further for possible wood preservation in field conditions.Not Availabl

<em>In vitro</em> rapid multiplication and determination of triterpenoids in callus cultures of <em>Achyranthes aspera</em> Linn

151-159Achyranthes aspera Linn. was studied for its in vitro rapid multiplication, callus initiation, proliferation and triterpenoid determination. The plant was also evaluated for pretreatment, sterilization and culture initiation during the study. Best results for vigorous cultures were obtained for plants pretreated with 0.2% (w/v) carbendazime + 3 drops of Tween 20 for 10 min, and double sterilized using both sodium hypochloride (NaOCl) (4.0% v/v for 2 min) and mercuric chloride (HgCl2) (0.1% w/v for 2 min) solutions. In vitro plantlet regeneration in A. aspera was achieved from axillary explants cultured on Linsmaier & Skoog (LS) fortified with 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP) alone and/or in combination with Zeatin (Zn), Kinetin (Kn), thidiazuron (TDZ), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The combination of BAP (3.00 mg/L) and TDZ (0.10 mg/L) was the best for multiple shoot induction and rapid proliferation. The developed shoots were successfully rooted on medium containing NAA (1.5 mg/L). Rooted plantlets were regenerated and were successfully established in soil with a survival rate of 90%. The protocol developed for multiplication is rapid and efficient for in vitro propagation of A. aspera. Further, a combination of 2,4-D (3.00 mg/L) and BAP (0.50 mg/L) fortified in LS basal medium, showed significant response with enhanced growth and proliferation of callus. Callus obtained from the 10 combinations were extracted individually using an ultrasonicator, and the extracts were subjected for reverse phase ultra-fast liquid chromatography (RP-UFLC) analysis. Higher amount of betulinic acid (3-hydroxylup- 20(29)-en-(28)-oic acid) and oleanolic acid (3β-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid) were accumulated on the medium supplemented with 3.00 mg/L of 2, 4-D and 0.50 mg/L of BAP

<span style="font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt" lang="EN-GB">Determination of betulinic acid, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Achyranthes aspera</i> L. using RP-UFLC-DAD analysis and evaluation of various parameters for their optimum yield </span>

196-202Achyranthes aspera L. is a well known herb commonly used in traditional system of Indian medicine to treat various disorders, such as cough, dysentery, gonorrhea, piles, kidney stone, pneumonia, renal dropsy, skin eruptions, snake bite, etc. Here, we used RP-UFLC-DAD method for determining triterpenoids betulinic acid (BA), oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA) from A.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"> aspera. Optimum yield of these compounds were studied and evaluated using parameters viz., method of extraction, time of extraction, age of plant and plant parts (leaves, stem and roots). Linear relationships in RP-UFLC-DAD analysis were obtained in the range 0.05-100 µg/mL with 0.035, 0.042 and 0.033 µg/mL LOD for BA, OA and UA, respectively. Of the variables tested, extraction method and parts used significantly affected content yield. Continuous shaking extraction (CSE) at ambient temperature gave better extraction efficiency than exposure to ultra sonic extraction (USE) or microwave assisted extraction (MAE) methods. The highest content of BA, OA and UA were determined individually in leaf, stem and root extracts with CSE. Collective yield of these triterpenoids were higher in leaf part exposed to 15 min USE method. To best of our knowledge, the study newly reports UA from A. aspera and the same was confirmed using ATR-FT-IR studies. This study explains the distribution pattern of these major triterpenoids and optimum extraction parameters in detail. </span

Preliminary pharmacognostic screening of Achyranthes coynei stem

Achyranthes coynei is a rare, endemic perennial shrub reported from Karnataka and Maharashtra states of India. The plant is used to treat various disorders by folk healers and was proven to have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The present study was undertaken to evaluate microscopic and macroscopic characters of A. coynei stem, along with its physicochemical parameters. ProgRes ® CapturePro and Microsoft Excel were used for statistical analysis. Perennial, shrubby nature and woody stem were the distinguishing morphological characters observed. Transverse section (TS) illustrated quadrangular outline of the stem and showed the presence of two types of trichomes on the thick-walled epidermis. TS also showed number of rosette calcium oxalates crystals; prismatic and microsphenoid crystals; conjoint, collateral open secondary vascular bundles; and two amphixylic medullary bundles in the pith. Ash and extractive values, micro and macro elements and nutritive factors were estimated in the present study. The presence of alkaloids, saponins and triterpenoids were observed in preliminary phytochemical screening. High-performance thin layer chromatographic analysis yielded different bands and also indicated the presence of oleanolic acid. The studied parameters for A. coynei stem will be useful for identification and authentication of the plant material

Compound Specific Extraction of Camptothecin from Nothapodytes nimmoniana and Piperine from Piper nigrum Using Accelerated Solvent Extractor

Effects of varying temperatures with constant pressure of solvent on extraction efficiency of two chemically different alkaloids were studied. Camptothecin (CPT) from stem of Nothapodytes nimmoniana (Grah.) Mabb. and piperine from the fruits of Piper nigrum L. were extracted using Accelerated Solvent Extractor (ASE). Three cycles of extraction for a particular sample cell at a given temperature assured complete extraction. CPT and piperine were determined and quantified by using a simple and efficient UFLC-PDA (245 and 343 nm) method. Temperature increased efficiency of extraction to yield higher amount of CPT, whereas temperature had diminutive effect on yield of piperine. Maximum yield for CPT was achieved at 80∘C and for piperine at 40∘C. Thus, the study determines compound specific extraction of CPT from N. nimmoniana and piperine from P. nigrum using ASE method. The present study indicates the use of this method for simple, fast, and accurate extraction of the compound of interest

Total polyphenolic contents and in vitro antioxidant properties of eight Sida species from Western Ghats, India

Background: Sida L., is a medicinally important genus, the species of which are widely used in traditional systems of medicine in India. Pharmacologically, roots are known for anti-tumor, anti-HIV, hepatoprotective, and many other properties. Phenolic antioxidants help in reducing oxidative stress occurring during treatment of such diseases. Objective: The study aimed to evaluate and compare polyphenol contents and antioxidant properties of eight selected species of Sida from Western Ghats, India. Materials and Methods: Methanolic root extracts (10% w/v) of Sida species, viz., S. acuta, S. cordata, S. cordifolia, S. indica, S. mysorensis, S. retusa, S. rhombifolia, and S. spinosa were analyzed. Results: Sida cordifolia possessed highest total phenolic content (TPC: 1.92 ± 0.10 mg Caffeic Acid Equivalent/g and 2.13 ± 0.11 mg Tannic Acid Equivalant/g), total flavonoid content (TF: 2.60 ± 0.13 mg Quercetin Equivalent/g) and also possessed highest antioxidant activities in 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging (51.31 ± 2.57% Radical Scavenging Activity, (RSA); Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity: 566.25 ± 28.31μM; Ascorbic acid Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity: 477.80 ± 23.89 μM) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assays (TEAC: 590.67 ± 29.53 μM; AEAC: 600.67 ± 30.03 μM). Unlike DPPH and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) activity, 2, 2Ͳ-Azinobis (3-ethyl Benzo Thiazoline-6-Sulfonic acid) ABTS + antioxidant activity was highest in S. indica (TEAC: 878.44 ± 43.92 μM; AEAC 968.44 ± 48.42 μM). It was significant to note that values of AEAC (μM) for all the antioxidant activities analyzed were higher than that of TEAC. Conclusion: The high contents of phenolic compounds in the root extracts of selected Sida species have direct correlation with their antioxidant properties. Conclusively, roots of S. cordifolia can be considered as the potential source of polyphenols and antioxidants