Effect of dietary salt levels on the performance of growing-finishing swine

Three feeding trials were conducted utilizing 346 crossbred market hogs from the October 1983, January 1984 and April 1984 farrowings at The University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station (Blount Farm), Knoxville, Tennessee to determine the effect of dietary salt on the performance of growing-finishing swine. Consideration was also given to the relationship between vitamin and trace mineral levels and dietary salt in respect to performance. Finishing trial I consisted of 90 crossbred market pigs divided into 3 weight groups with the average pig weight being 145, 170 and 177 pounds. Experimental diets fed contained .5, .3 and .1 percent sodium chloride. No significant differences in performance as measured by average daily gain (ADC) and gain:feed were found throughout the trial. No significant weight group by dietary sodium chloride level interactions were found and pigs fed the .1 level performed as well as the pigs fed the .5 level of sodium chloride. This suggests that dietary sodium chloride can be reduced without affecting performance during the last 6 weeks of the finishing period. Growing-finishing trial II consisted of 112 crossbred market hogs creep fed a .25 percent salt diet and alloted on the finishing floor by an average pig weight of 100 pounds. Experimental diets consisted of 2 level of salt and 2 levels of vitamin trace mineral premix .2, .35, .5 and .75 percent respectively. Average daily gain (ADC) during the first 42 days was significantly (P \u3c .01) improved when .35 percent sodium chloride was added. However, this difference was not maintained throughout the trial as performance was similar at the termination of the experiment. This tends to indicate that during the early part of the finishing period .2 percent salt was inadequate to support maximum growth, but during the remainder of the period pigs were able to compensate and overcome the earlier growth depression. Feed: gain was similar but pigs receiving .2 percent salt tended to require slightly more feed than those pigs receiving .35 percent salt. The main effect of vitamin trace mineral level suggested the average daily gain (ADG) was significantly (P \u3c .01) improved by adding 150 per cent of the NRC requirement levels of vitamin and trace minerals at both 42 days of the experiment and over the entire finishing period. There was a significant (P \u3c .05) interaction between level of sodium chloride and vitamin trace mineral level in this study. Pigs receiving the .2 percent level of salt performed significantly better (P \u3c .05) when they received the higher level of vitamin trace mineral both at 42 days and over the entire experiment. Whereas, pigs receiving .35 percent sodium chloride did not benefit by the addition of higher levels of vitamins and trace minerals either at 42 days or over the entire trial period. Feed:gain values were similar but indicated no beneficial effect of adding higher vitamin trace mineral levels when the diet contained .35 percent salt. These results suggest a critical balance exists between level of dietary sodium chloride and the level of vitamin trace mineral in the diet. When salt levels are marginal or barely adequate higher levels of vitamin trace mineral are important, whereas when higher levels of salt are fed no benefit is evident from the addition of additional vitamin trace minerals. Growing trial III consisted of 144 crossbred market pigs grouped by litter in the farrowing barn. Pigs were creep fed diets containing 2 levels of salt and 2 levels of potassium chloride .5, 2.5, .196 and .333 percent respectively. Average daily gains (ADC) were similar but tended to improve when potassium chloride was added to diets containing .25 percent salt. Results related to creep feed consumption per pig were not significantly different but would suggest that pigs which received .25, percent sodium chloride in the diet required more feed than pigs fed .5 percent salt or in potassium chloride supplemented .25 percent salt diets. These results suggest lower salt levels than .5 percent can be utilized but additional potassium chloride may improve pig performance. Further research is need to delineate the relationships between sodium and potassium in diets of nursing pigs

Antioxidants and Wound Healing.

Neutrophils and cytokines present during an inflammatory response produce oxidants, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) or reactive nitrogen species (RNS). These oxidants act as free radicals, a highly reactive species that steal electrons from nearby molecules to satisfy their valence electron needs. The removal of electrons by free radicals produces damage within the healthy cells of tissue. Antioxidants can be used to reduce this oxidative stress and reestablish the necessary environment for wound healing by donating electrons to the free radicals, sparing the damaging effects oxidation causes to other molecules. The standard procedure for administering supplemental antioxidants is through enteral delivery. However, the inflammation and vascular damage experienced with a burn wound produces a notable decrease in the blood profusion to the damaged tissues. In contrast, this research focuses on a topical antioxidant treatment applied directly to the surface of the wound. By applying the gel topically, a higher concentration of antioxidants will be able to permeate the damaged tissue and quench enough free radicals to provide a therapeutic effect. Additionally, the gel developed by this research is comprised of a large percentage of Vitamin E-TPGS. This is a product capable of stabilizing moisture at the wound site; drawing fluid from the moist center and redistributing it to the drier perimeters of the wound. It is hypothesized the need for surgical debridement may decrease as a result of use of this topical application. Antioxidants often referred to in literature discussing nutrition and wound care include the following: Vitamin E, α-Lipoic Acid, Vitamin C, Grape Seed Extract, Coenzyme Q10, Glutathione, and Lutein. These antioxidants were incorporated into a gel formula, using a factorial method, based on their antioxidant potential as evidenced by the existing literature. In order to identify the most effective combination of these antioxidants, one-, two-, three-, four-, and five-component antioxidant gels representing every combination of the test antioxidants were produced. This resulted in a compilation of 35 gels for comparison. Each gel was tested on the basis of viscosity, pH, and antioxidant capacity. Antioxidant capacity was determined using the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Plasma (FRAP) Assay, a spectrophotometric evaluation. A three-antioxidant gel composed of α-Lipoic Acid, Coenzyme Q10, and Mixed Tocopherols (with and without micronized silver) was chosen as the final formulation. The storage stability of the final formulation was then evaluated once per week (over a total of 7 weeks) by measuring changes in pH, viscosity, and FRAP assay. In collaboration with Dr. Joseph Molnar at Wake Forest School of Medicine, an animal model trial will be conducted in the Spring Semester 2013 to determine the viability of the gel in comparison to a negative control and silver sulfadiazine, the current standard treatment protocol

Because you can : a contextual autobiography

This capstone project takes the form of a contextual autobiography and also a booklet that is meant to be used in our community to inspire curiosity and confidence in women\u27s inherent ability to birth un-medicated. I have included an annotated resource section from which I have drawn much of my information/inspiration. I believe that empowered birthing can change women\u27s lives and affect whole communities

Low level transport of IgA to bile via the asialoglycoprotein receptor

AbstractThe rat and rabbit transport IgA from blood to bile by a highly efficient transcellular pathway mediated by secretory component (SC). Other mammals do not express SC on liver hepatocytes, but they do transport a small amount of IgA to bile. In the first part of this study, human polymeric IgA was radiolabeled and depleted of SC binding activity by successive affinity adsorption. Transport of this preparation intact to rat bile was 4%, but was reduced to 2% when 50 mg unlabeled asialoglycoprotein was preadministered. The 2% decline corresponds to the percent of asialo-orosomucoid diverted to bile from the lysosomal pathway. In guinea-pigs, missorting of asialo-orosomucoid intact to bile was 10% of the injected dose. Transport of normal human IgA to bile was 1–2%, even though guinea-pigs do not express SC in the liver. Excess unlabeled asialofetuin reduced the transport of asialo-orosomucoid by 10-fold and IgA by 6-fold. This demonstrates that the asialoglycoprotein receptor can mediate transport of IgA to bile in small amounts, but that this transport may be only a biological artifact resulting from limited fidelity of intracellular protein sorting.Immunoglobulin AAsialoglycoprotein receptorSecretory componentReceptor-mediated endocytosisTransport to bileProtein sortin

A potential intellectual property issue with the way in which some nomenclature code decisions are made

This article examines the legal status of nomenclature codes and their application to denomination in certain forms of intellectual property, in particular plant breeder's rights and patents for micro-organisms. Its objective is to show how rigidity and the absence of appeals against nomenclature decisions can have adverse effects on the rights and even earning potential of applicants

Acoustico-Physiological coordination in the Human Beatbox: A pilot study on the beatboxed Classic Kick Drum

International audienceThis paper presents a pilot study of physiological, acoustic and aerodynamic characteristics of the beatboxed classic kick drum by a single artist excerpted from our database of his beatboxing repertoire. We recorded 25 repetitions with synchronized aerodynamic (intraoral pressure, oral airflow) acoustic, electroglottographic and laryngoscopic data. Results show that the classic kick drum is produced either as a bilabial voiceless glottalic egressive plosive or as a bilabial voiceless glottalic egressive affricate. Laryngoscopic data show a glottal adduction, a slight supraglottal constriction and a laryngeal raising. We also observed an occlusion, a high amplitude burst and low frequencies in the spectrum. We discuss the coordination of the gestures involved in the classic kick production based on the multi-instrumental recording. Future analysis of the beatboxed database will help us understand beatboxing physiology and the extent of the vocal tract capacities

Business competitiveness: building and applying the 3Cs and the Strategic Change Matrix across COVID-19

This India-wide, empirical, point-in-time, global literature-supported, quantitative study involves 232 leading management consulting firm (MCF) consultants and contracting client firm (CF) perspectives. It relationally builds a structural MCF-CF 3Cs model that links MCF competencies into MCF-CF capabilities systems and then into CF business competitiveness. The 3Cs model can be visually and numerically presented as a CF three-dimensional positioning within the strategic change matrix. Future pathways towards a new optimal strategic future CF position can then be strategic change matrix mapped. A contribution towards Management-Consulting-Theory is presented as one that likely follows and embodies the MCF-CF 3Cs model processes

Modelling the mitigation of the negative effects on human resource management

Human resource professionals are often overlooked in the study of frontline workers and the negative effects of burnout, compassion fatigue, stress and vicarious trauma even though exposure to these negative workplace conditions is intrinsic to their job description. Understanding how these negative workplace conditions affect human resources professionals will lead to reduced employee absenteeism and higher staff turnover and mitigate the effects of presenteeism, such as reduced productivity and loss of general work satisfaction. In this paper, the literature is explored to examine the impact of negative workplace conditions on an organisation\u27s operations in the context of workplace programmes and compassion satisfaction. A model is presented to explain how individual and organisational interventions mitigate the negative workplace conditions of burnout, compassion fatigue, stress and vicarious trauma on workplace performance and compassion satisfaction. This model will form the basis for further research into the negative effects of employment conditions impacting human resource managers