Hox Genes Regulate Muscle Founder Cell Pattern Autonomously and Regulate Morphogenesis Through Motor Neurons

The differentiation of myoblasts to form functional muscle fibers is a consequence of interactions between the mesoderm and ectoderm. The authors examine the role of segment identity in directing these interactions by studying the role of Hox genes in patterning adult muscles in Drosophila. Using the `four-winged fly' to remove Ultrabithorax function in the developing adult, the authors alter the identity of the ectoderm of the third thoracic segment towards the second and show that this is sufficient to inductively alter most properties of the mesoderm—myoblast number, molecular diversity, and migration pattern—to that of the second thoracic segment. Not all aspects of myogenesis are determined by the segment identity of the ectoderm. The autonomous identity of the mesoderm is important for choosing muscle founder cells in the correct segmental pattern. The authors show this by removal of the function of Antennapedia, the Hox gene expressed in the mesoderm of the third thoracic segment. This results in the transformation of founder cells to a second-thoracic pattern. The authors also report a role for the nervous system in later aspects of muscle morphogenesis by specifically altering Ultrabithorax gene expression in motor neurons. Thus, ectoderm and mesoderm segment identities collaborate to direct muscle differentiation by affecting distinct aspects of the process

Target marketing for a research organisation

GFK is fourth largest research company in the world and located across all the continents. With the turnover of £1500 million revenue is the one of the most successful company. GFK New Zealand has been facing segmentation problem in which the company is failing to target the right customers to provide their services. With the help of literature study undertaken which comprises of various thoughts of scholars explaining the difficulties on segmenting the market. The basic problems such as defining the segment carefully, failures occur on the segmentation, competitor growth, no proper message, no proper evaluation are some of the few problems which affect the nature of successful segmentation. The aim and objectives have been framed to create a solution for GFK to target their customers . To have the deep understanding of the market segmentation and associated knowledge a questionnaire has been created. From the questionnaire, many essential findings have been found with the help of literature study which is a possible solution for the objectives framed. Few solutions such as evaluation of segmentation method and a crafty message should be assessed by the company to achieve successful target market in NZ

The fundamental role of behavioral skills in crystalizing the budding managers

The mission and vision of Management education system had been exemplary in terms of evolving a true professional and efficient leader in every student and this pristine vision had been materialized and conceptualized in the vibrant ambience of a Gurukula. In continuation, the pupils were taught not only to earn their livelihood but also the humane principles for lifetime. Indeed, the Gurukulas adopted their own experiential learning pedagogy in order to train their pupils on various domains like interpersonal skills, intrapersonal skills, and professional skills, and so on… However, their pedagogical delivery was never constrained only for creating monetary machines but to evolve a human being.To interpret in the words of Swami Vivekananda, “Man making was the mission of education but not machine making”. In this contemporaneous world of monetary appetite, the lives of the people are completely saturated and engulfed by the monetary avarice. Accordingly, the precious dimensions of life have been monopolized by the dominating dimension called the economic status.Consequently, the same tendency is percolated into the younger generation wherein their success rate is measured by the yardstick of economic success and having no consideration for the true professional fiber.Interestingly, the academic role, which is responsible for evolving holistic personality in a student, has been redefined and drifted towards the metamorphosed role of building monetary generating humanoids.In continuation, the students who witness the transit of student-hood to professional-hood invariably witness a serious crisis in the role-adoption.Moreover, their theoretical or knowledge expertise may not encompass the vast corporate dimension that include interpersonal skills, intrapersonal skills, emotional intelligence, efficacy of communication skills, leadership skills and so on… Considering the subtle deficiencies and requirements of a professional, the paper suggests a few astute practices that are derived from the philosophies of Swami Vivekananda and other management gurus.Besides, the thoughts have been linked to the contemporaneous nomenclatures like emotional intelligence, transactional analysis, self-esteem etc… Moreover, the sagacious practices that are widely observed in the corporate corridors have been suggested in order to bridge the gap

Load-Settlement Response of Square Footing on Geogrid Reinforced Layered Granular Beds

Experimental studies were carried out to obtain the load-settlement response of a model square footing resting on unreinforced and reinforced granular beds. The response was obtained for two cases: (a) geogrid-reinforced sand layer, and (b) geogrid-reinforced layered system consisting of aggregate layer overlying a sand layer. The parameters considered in the experimental study include the thickness of the aggregate layer, the depth of geogrid reinforcement placed in sand layer and in aggregate layer, width of the reinforcement, and relative density of bed. Plate vibrator was used to compact uniform sand beds to relative densities equal to 50 % and 70 % inside large-size test chamber of dimensions equal to 1 m × 1 m × 1 m (in length, in width, and in depth). Load was applied on square footing using a 100 kN capacity actuator in displacement-controlled mode, and the improvement in the load carrying capacity of the footing resting on reinforced sand layer and layered system was quantified in terms of load improvement factors. In addition, the optimum embedment depth and width of reinforcements were proposed for various cases considered in the study. The optimum depth of reinforcement for the case of aggregate layer overlying sand layer decreased to 0.30 times the width of the footing from 0.45 times the width of the footing for sand only case

Settlement Analysis of Circular Footings on Layered Soil Systems

Many studies are available on the settlement analysis of footings on a homogeneous soil deposit underlain by a rigid base. However, the soil profile is seldom homogenous and typically a layered soil system is encountered in practice. The present study deals with the settlement profiles of soil underneath a circular footing of radius equal to a, and resting on a finite two-layered soil system with thicknesses equal to H1 and H2. The deformation moduli and Poisson’s ratios of the two layers are E1, υ1, and E2, υ2. The settlement profiles are proposed for varying H1/a and H2/a ratios (H1/a= 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6, and H2/a= 1, 2, 4 and 6). The moduli ratio E1/E2is varied as 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 20. The extent of settlement due to load is also proposed from the surface settlement profile which can help in determining the influence of a footing on the neighboring footing or structure. The analysis is carried out using PLAXIS 2D vAE. In addition, the settlement influence factors are proposed for the above mentioned ratios to estimate the maximum settlement of the footing on a layered system. The results are also compared with the settlement measured in a building on a layered system in Adelaide, Southern Australia, and the results are found to be comparable

Planar Reinforcements for Flexible Pavements

ase and subbase layers, forming a major portion of a pavement, are constructed using crushe d aggregates. In order to reduce the consumption of h uge quantities of aggregates in large-size projects, it is essential to adapt and utilize alternate materials and design me thods in building sustainable road ways. Reinforcing flexibl e pavements is one of the ways to improve the performance or to reduce the pavement thickness. Many researchers conducted exp eriments to quantify the benefit of reinforcing flexible pav ements in terms of traffic benefit ratio (TBR). In this study , Large Scale Model Experiments (LSME) are conducted to investigate the settlement behaviour of unpaved pavement system aga inst static loading. The design of reinforced unpaved ro ads is carried out using Giroud and Han method with reinfo rcement in the form of geogrids having aperture stability m odulus of 0.32 N-m/ 0 and 0.65 N-m/ 0 . The design of reinforced paved roads is carried out using AASHTO guidelines with th e selected TBR values equal to 3 and 6. From the LSME conducted on the unreinforced and reinforced unpave d pavement system, it is observed that inclusion of p lanar reinforcement in the form of geogrid or steel-wire- mesh within the aggregate layer resulted in load improvement fa ctor ranging from 1.1 to 1.9. Based on the design carrie d out using the proposed methods on paved and unpaved reinforce d roads, it is possible to reduce the pavement thickness fro m 20% to 70% depending on the type of geogrid and subgrade s trength

Finite Element Modeling of Ground - Structure Interaction Considering Non-Linear Response of the Ground

Response of the ground on which the structure rests will have a bearing on the distribution of forces in the structural members. Conventional method s of structural analysis and design a ssume often fixed bases for various loading conditions. A realistic analysis and design procedure should includ e actual support flexibility, no nlinear and heterogeneous nature of the soil together with nonlinear soil-structure in teraction effects. Such an analysis would resu lt in overall stiffne ss of the soil-foundation-structure system , realistic to the existing conditions. This work focuses on the computational modeling of ground-structure interaction usi ng finite element package ANSYS. To demonstrate the behavior of structure while considering actual nature of ground response , a simple portal frame is analyzed. Portal frame is modeled as linear elastic, whereas the ground is modeled as both linear elastic and non-linear elastic-plastic behavior. The study gives insight into variation of displacement of portal frame while considering linear and non-linear behavior of ground

Odontogenic Fibromyxoma of Maxilla: A Case Report

Odontogenic fibromyxoma (OM) is a rare locally invasive, non metastasizing benign neoplasm found exclusively in the jaws. It commonly occurs in the second and third decade,and the mandible is involved more commonly than the maxilla. The lesion often grows without symptoms and presents as a painless swelling. The radiographic features are variable so the diagnosis is not easy in many cases. It posesa diagnostic and therapeutic challenge due to its morphology and biological behaviour. A caseo f OM of the maxilla with unusual radiographic and histological features is described in a 27 year old female

Bearing Capacity of A Strip Footing Resting On Treated And Untreated Soils

Expansive soils are highly susceptible to volumetric changes leading to rapid loss in the bearing capacity of footings resting on them. Among several techniques available to treat expansive soils, lime or fly ash stabilization gained prominence during the past few decades due to its abundance and adaptability. Chemical stabilization is widely used to treat expansive soils as it develops base exchange and cementation processes between clay particles.When expansive soils are treated with chemicals, it is essential to obtain the load-settlement response of footing resting on stabilized ground. In this study, Finite Element Analysis is performed using the commercial software, PLAXIS 2D, to obtain the load-settlement response of a strip footing resting on untreated and treated expansive soil. The bearing capacity of strip footing resting on treated soil is found to be about 150% higher than that of footing resting on untreated soil

Polarization-Current-Based FDTD Near-to-Far-Field Transformation

A new near-to-far-field transformation algorithm for three-dimensional finite-different time-domain is presented in this article. This new approach is based directly on the polarization current of the scatterer, not the scattered near fields. It therefore eliminates the numerical errors originating from the spatial offset of the E and H fields, inherent in the standard near-to-far-field transformation. The proposed method is validated via direct comparisons with the analytical Lorentz-Mie solutions of plane waves scattered by large dielectric and metallic spheres with strong forward-scattering lobes.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures. Submitted to publis