Rocket measurements of electron density irregularities during MAC/SINE

Four Super Arcas rockets were launched at the Andoya Rocket Range, Norway, as part of the MAC/SINE campaign to measure electron density irregularities with high spatial resolution in the cold summer polar mesosphere. They were launched as part of two salvos: the turbulent/gravity wave salvo (3 rockets) and the EISCAT/SOUSY radar salvo (one rocket). In both salvos meteorological rockets, measuring temperature and winds, were also launched and the SOUSY radar, located near the launch site, measured mesospheric turbulence. Electron density irregularities and strong gradients were measured by the rocket probes in the region of most intense backscatter observed by the radar. The electron density profiles (8 to 4 on ascent and 4 on descent) show very different characteristics in the peak scattering region and show marked spatial and temporal variability. These data are intercompared and discussed

2nd Place Contest Entry: What\u27s Your Hip-Hop Story? How Authenticity has Simultaneously Fought and Imposed the Commercialization of Rap

This is Heather Ulwick\u27s submission for the 2024 Kevin and Tam Ross Undergraduate Research Prize, which won second place. It contains their essay on using library resources, their bibliography, and a summary of their research project on how authenticity has simultaneously fought and imposed the commercialization of rap music. Heather is a fourth-year student at Chapman University, majoring in Music. Their faculty mentor is Dr. Jessica Sternfeld

Conceptual design study for Infrared Limb Experiment (IRLE)

The phase A engineering design study for the Infrared Limb Experiment (IRLE) instrument, the infrared portion of the Mesosphere-Lower Thermosphere Explorer (MELTER) satellite payload is given. The IRLE instrument is a satellite instrument, based on the heritage of the Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) program, that will make global measurements of O3, CO2, NO, NO2, H2O, and OH from earth limb emissions. These measurements will be used to provide improved understanding of the photochemistry, radiation, dynamics, energetics, and transport phenomena in the lower thermosphere, mesosphere, and stratosphere. The IRLE instrument is the infrared portion of the MELTER satellite payload. MELTER is being proposed to NASA Goddard by a consortium consisting of the University of Michigan, University of Colorado and NASA Langley. It is proposed that the Space Dynamics Laboratory at Utah State University (SDL/USU) build the IRLE instrument for NASA Langley. MELTER is scheduled for launch in November 1994 into a sun-synchronous, 650-km circular orbit with an inclination angle of 97.8 deg and an ascending node at 3:00 p.m. local time

Late Time Barium Cloud Striations and Their Possible Relationship to Equatorial Spread F

An active experiment has been conducted in space that allows a test for the theory of nonlinear development of striations in large barium clouds. The results are in excellent agreement with a computer simulation of the ExB instability reported by Scannapiecoe t al. (1976). The power law irregularity spectrum predicted by the theory and verified by the experiment is shown here to be due to wave steepeninga nd not_top lasmat urbulence.T he barium cloud resultsa re remarkably similar to bottomside equatorial spread F. A possible role of the E x B instability in bottomside equatorial spread F is discussed as a supplement to the Rayleigh-Taylor instability during the postsunset rise of the F layer and during anomalousp lasma uplifts which occur during geomagneticallya ctive period

SAO-based semantic mining of patents for semi-automatic construction of a customer job map

The Outcome-Driven Innovation (ODI) method based on the 'Jobs-to-be-done' concept is very useful in the identification of unmet customer needs and has been adopted widely in the industry. The Job Map, a tool of the ODI method, is used to understand customers by defining their behavioral process. Complications must be overcome before the Job Map can be applied to the specific problem in question, such as a time-consuming process, dealing with a large amount of data, and experts' biased work. To solve these problems, this study develops a patent mining-based method based on the subject-action-object (SAO) structure to support the creation of a Job Map by semi-automatizing data collection and analysis. This effort at better utilizing computers in customer analysis for product design will contribute to expanding computerized methods for solving design and engineering problems in practice

Measurements of Electron Density Structure in Striated Barium Clouds

Results are presented of the first measurements of detailed structure of electron density within striated vapor releases in the ionospheric F-region. Six rocket probes penetrated ion clouds in three separate barium release events (two in each case) and showed considerable enhancement in F-region electron density over the normal background ionization. In four traversals the electron density exceeded 10 cm- 3 with the maximum of 5 x 106cm- 3 observed in one case. Two showed dramatic structure in the electron density profiles associated with the passage through striated portions of the cloud. These structures had spatial extent as measured by the rocket.probe normal to the terrestrial magnetic field of hundreds of meters with the density changing factors in the range from 2 to 10 as the probe passed into and out of the structures. The change of density on some of the features had particularly fast drop off corresponding to less than 20 meters travel normal to the magnetic field. The spectral power distribution of the irregularity amplitudes versus wavenumber scale size could be roughly described as a power law with a spectral index of from-2 to -3 within the striated regions. These results are in good agreement with predictions of the ExB gradient drift instability mechanism as depicted by the simulation studies of Scannapieco, et al. [1976] in the late time nonlinear regime. Introductio

100% RAG: Architectural Education | Historians and Critics, Volume 2, Number 6

100% RAG: Architectural Education | Historians and Critics, Syracuse School of Architecture, Student Newspaper, Volume 2, Number 6. Student newsletter from student contributors of Syracuse School of Architecture in 1977

Elevated Electron Temperatures in the Auroral E Layer Measured With the Chatanika Radar

An extensive series of spectral measurements has been made in the auroral E region with the Chatanika incoherent scatter radar. Becasue of the small scale length for variations of electron density, temperatures, and ion-neutral collisions we used the operating mode with the best possible range resolution—9 km. About 5% of the time the data exhibited an unusual spectral shape that was most pronounced at 105 and 110 km. Instead of being almost Gaussian with only a small hint of two peaks, the spectra are much wider, with two well-developed peaks. After carefully considering the validity of the measurements and their interpretation, we conclude that the unusual spectra are due to greatly enhanced electron temperatures. At 110 km, the electron temperature may increase from 250 K to 800 K, while the ion temperature remains near 250 K. This enhancement of the electron temperature extends from 99 km to at least 116 km. We show that the temperature increase is too large to be accounted for by auroral particle precipitation, though it coincides in time with ion temperature enhancements at altitudes above 125 km. Because these latter enhancements are believed to be due to joule heating, we deduce that electric fields of 24-40 mV/m are present and that the electrons are moving through the ions and neutrals at speeds of 500-800 m/s. Despite these velocities, we find that joule heating of the electrons also cannot account for the elevated electron temperatures. Several consequences of the elevated electron temperatures are discussed. One is that the rate constants for molecular recombination are reduced. Another is that during periods of significant joule heating, the deduced electron density profile, when fully corrected for temperatures, has a significantly lower peak altitude and greater density than that deduced under the usual assumption of equal electron and ion temperatures. Since conductivities, currents, ionization rates, and differential energy spectra are dependent upon the density profile, care must be taken to account properly for the temperature effects when deriving these quantities