38 research outputs found
Creating universes with thick walls
We study the dynamics of a spherically symmetric false vacuum bubble embedded
in a true vacuum region separated by a "thick wall", which is generated by a
scalar field in a quartic potential. We study the "Farhi-Guth-Guven" (FGG)
quantum tunneling process by constructing numerical solutions relevant to this
process. The ADM mass of the spacetime is calculated, and we show that there is
a lower bound that is a significant fraction of the scalar field mass. We argue
that the zero mass solutions used to by some to argue against the physicality
of the FGG process are artifacts of the thin wall approximation used in earlier
work. We argue that the zero mass solutions should not be used to question the
viability of the FGG process
Radio Cores in Low-Luminosity AGN: ADAFs or Jets?
We have surveyed two large samples of nearby low-luminosity AGN with the VLA
to search for flat-spectrum radio cores, similar to Sgr A* in the Galactic
Center. Roughly one third of all galaxies are detected (roughly one half if HII
transition objects are excluded from the sample), many of which have compact
radio cores. Follow-up observations with the VLBA have confirmed that these
cores are non-thermal in origin, with lower limits for the brightness
temperatures around ~10^8 K. The brightest of these are resolved into linear
structures. The radio spectral indices of the cores are quite flat (alpha~0),
with no evidence for the highly inverted radio cores predicted in the ADAF
model. Spectrum and morphology of the compact radio emission is typical for
radio jets seen also in more luminous AGN. The emission-line luminosity seems
to be correlated with the radio core flux. Together with the VLBI observations
this suggests that optical and radio emission in at least half the
low-luminosity Seyferts and LINERs are black hole powered. We find only a weak
correlation between bulge luminosity and radio flux and an apparently different
efficiency between elliptical and spiral galaxies for producing radio emission
at a given optical luminosity.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, (ESO) LaTex, to appear in ``Black Holes in
Binaries and Galactic Nuclei'', ESO workshop, eds. L. Kaper, E.P.J. van den
Heuvel, P.A. Woudt, Springer Verlag; also available at
http://www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/staff/hfalcke/publications.html#eso9
Gas-induced segregation in Pt-Rh alloy nanoparticles observed by in-situ Bragg coherent diffraction imaging
Bimetallic catalysts can undergo segregation or redistribution of the metals
driven by oxidizing and reducing environments. Bragg coherent diffraction
imaging (BCDI) was used to relate displacement fields to compositional
distributions in crystalline Pt-Rh alloy nanoparticles. 3D images of internal
composition showed that the radial distribution of compositions reverses
partially between the surface shell and the core when gas flow changes between
O2 and H2. Our observation suggests that the elemental segregation of
nanoparticle catalysts should be highly active during heterogeneous catalysis
and can be a controlling factor in synthesis of electrocatalysts. In addition,
our study exemplifies applications of BCDI for in situ 3D imaging of internal
equilibrium compositions in other bimetallic alloy nanoparticles
APLIKASI TEORI PERILAKU TERENCANA: NIAT MELAKUKAN PHYSICAL EXERCISE (LATIHAN FISIK) PADA REMAJA DI SURABAYA
Alasan utama untuk rnengangkat topik ini dalarn penelitian ia1ah penulis berrnaksud untuk rneneliti variabel-variabel yang rnelatarbelakangi perilaku physical exercise yang dilakukan remaja di Surabaya. Tujuannya, peneliti ingin rnenguji apakah ada hubungan antara attitude towards behavior (A TB), subjective norm (SN), dan perceived behavioral control (PBC), baik secara bersama-sama maupun secara parsial, dengan niat berperilaku physical exercise (latihan fisik) pada remaja di Surabaya. Metode angket digunakan dalarn penelitian ini, rnenggunakan teknik penskalaan sernantik diferensial. Rernaja baik pria dan wanita (N=336) di kota Surabaya berpartisipasi dalarn penelitian ini. Hasil uji hipotesis rnenujukkan bahwa : {a). Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara ATB, SN, dan PBC, secara bersarna-sarna terhadap niat rnelakukan Physical exersice pada remaja (F = 14.233; p = 0,000). Hasil korelasi parsial menunjukkan ATB, dan SN menjadi prediktor paling kuat terhadap niat melaku.kan Physical Exercise, sedangkan PBC tidak
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Nonequilibrium structural dynamics of nanoparticles in LiNi(1/2)Mn(3/2)O4 cathode under operando conditions.
We study nonequilibrium structural dynamics in LiNi1/2Mn3/2O4 spinel cathode material during fast charge/discharge under operando conditions using coherent X-rays. Our in situ measurements reveal a hysteretic behavior of the structure upon cycling and we directly observe the interplay between different transformation mechanisms: solid solution and two-phase reactions at the single nanoparticle level. For high lithium concentrations solid solution is observed upon both charge and discharge. For low lithium concentration, we find concurrent solid solution and two-phase reactions upon charge, while a pure two-phase reaction is found upon discharge. A delithiation model based on an ionic blockade layer on the particle surface is proposed to explain the distinct structural transformation mechanisms in nonequilibrium conditions. This study addresses the controversy of why two-phase materials show exemplary kinetics and opens new avenues to understand fundamental processes underlying charge transfer, which will be invaluable for developing the next generation battery materials
The Relative Orientation of Nuclear Accretion and Galaxy Stellar Disks in Seyfert Galaxies
We use the difference (delta) between the position angles of the nuclear
radio emission and the host galaxy major axis to investigate the distribution
of the angle (beta) between the axes of the nuclear accretion disk and the host
galaxy disk in Seyfert galaxies. We provide a critical appraisal of the quality
of all measurements, and find that the data are limited by observational
uncertainties and biases, such as the well known deficiency of Seyfert galaxies
of high inclination. There is weak evidence that the distribution of delta for
Seyfert 2 galaxies may be different (at the 90% confidence level) from a
uniform distribution, while the Seyfert 1 delta distribution is not
significantly different from a uniform distribution or from the Seyfert 2 delta
distribution. The cause of the possible non-uniformity in the distribution of
delta for Seyfert 2 galaxies is discussed. Seyfert nuclei in late-type spiral
galaxies may favor large values of delta (at the ~96% confidence level), while
those in early-type galaxies show a more or less random distribution of delta.
This may imply that the nuclear accretion disk in non-interacting late-type
spirals tends to align with the stellar disk, while that in early-type galaxies
is more randomly oriented, perhaps as a result of accretion following a galaxy
merger.
We point out that biases in the distribution of inclination translate to
biased estimates of beta in the context of the unified scheme. When this effect
is taken into account, the distributions of beta for all Seyferts together, and
of Seyfert 1's and 2's separately, agree with the hypothesis that the radio
jets are randomly oriented with respect to the galaxy disk. The data are
consistent with the expectations of the unified scheme, but do not demand it.Comment: To appear in the Astrophysical Journal, Vol 516 #1, May 1, 1999.
Corrected figure placement within pape
Structure-function Investigation of Operando Nanostructured Materials Using Coherent X-ray Diffractive Imaging
Nanostructured devices promise to help solve grand challenges of our time, including renewable energy generation, storage, and mitigating climate change. Their power lies in the particular influence of the surface on the total free energy when dimensions approach the nanoscale and it is well known that different sizes, shapes, and defects can drastically alter material properties. However, this strength represents a considerable challenge for imaging techniques that can be limited in terms of sample environments, average over large ensembles of particles, and/or lack adequate spatiotemporal resolution for studying the relevant physical processes. The focus of this thesis is the development of in situ coherent X-ray diffractive imaging (CXDI) and its application in imaging strain evolution in battery cathode nanoparticles. Using in situ CXDI, the compressive/tensile strain field in the pristine state is revealed, and found to be linked to a particular concentration of strain inducing Jahn-Teller ions. The evolution of strain during the first charge/discharge cycle shows that the cathode nanoparticle exhibits phase separation. Using the 3D strain field, the strain field energy is calculated and shows interesting hysteresis between charge and discharge. Strain evolution during a disconnection event, in which the cathode nanoparticle is no longer able to exchange electrons and ions with its environment, reveals the formation of a poorly conducting interphase layer. Finally, strain fields were used to study dislocation dynamics in battery nanoparticles. Using the full 3D information, the dislocation line structure is mapped and shown to move in response to charge transfer. The dislocation is used as a way to probe the local material properties and it is discovered that the material enters an "auxetic", or negative Poisson's ratio, regim