Stochastic geometry based dynamic fractional frequency reuse for OFDMA systems

Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) has been acknowledged as an efficient Interference Management (IM) technique, which offers significant capacity enhancement and improves cell edge coverage with low complexity of implementation. The performance of cellular system greatly depends on the spatial configuration of base stations (BSs). In literature, FFR has been analyzed mostly with cellular networks described by Hexagon Grid Model (HGM). HGM is neither tractable nor scalable to the dense deployment of next generation wireless networks. Moreover, the perfect geometry based HGM tends to overestimate the system's performance and not able to reflect the reality. In this paper, we use the stochastic geometry approach; FFR is analyzed with cellular network modeled by homogeneous Poisson Point Process (PPP). PPP model provides complete randomness in terms of BS deployment, which captures the real network scenario. A dynamic FFR scheme is proposed in this article, which take into account the randomness of the cell coverage area described by Voronoi tessellation. It is shown that the proposed scheme outperforms the traditional fixed frequency allocation schemes in terms of capacity and capacity density

Hungarian Mechanism based Sectored FFR for Irregular Geometry Multicellular Networks

The growing demands for mobile broadband application services along with the scarcity of the spectrum have triggered the dense utilization of frequency resources in cellular networks. The capacity demands are coped accordingly, however at the detriment of added inter-cell interference (ICI). Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) is an effective ICI mitigation approach when adopted in realistic irregular geometry cellular networks. However, in the literature optimized spectrum resources for the individual users are not considered. In this paper Hungarian Mechanism based Sectored Fractional Frequency Reuse (HMS-FFR) scheme is proposed, where the sub-carriers present in the dynamically partitioned spectrum are optimally allocated to each user. Simulation results revealed that the proposed HMS-FFR scheme enhances the system performance in terms of achievable throughput, average sum rate, and achievable throughput with respect to load while considering full traffic

Domestic animals’ identification using PCR-RFLP analysis of cytochrome b gene

Background: Species identification is an important process to identify the origin of meat, adulteration and for  cooked and processed meat. The present study was conducted to identify cattle (Bos taurus) and buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) by using mitochondrial cytochrome-b (Cyt-b) gene. Size of the gene is 1140 bp, but we amplified 359 bp that is cleaved by specific restriction endonucleases. The aim of this study was species identification through Cyt-b gene by using PCR-RFLP analysis.Methods: For this study, 55 blood samples were collected from different species of domestic animals. The DNA was extracted from the whole blood through blood extraction kit. The DNA of these samples were amplified through PCR using universal Cyt-b primers. The amplified product was treated with restriction enzymes Alu I. The resultant fragments were viewed on 3.0 % agarose gel.Results: Cyt-b gene was amplified of all included animals. Different bands were observed as compared with 50 bp DNA ladder. Animals were identified on the base RFLP mediated by Alu1 restriction enzyme.Conclusion: We identified domestic animals on the basis of Mitochondrial Cyt-b gene by the process of PCR-RFLP. To identify specific animals through RFLP, a larger sample size and confirmation by gene sequence analysis may be helpful.Keywords: Domestic Animal Identification; Cytochrome b gene; AluI restriction enzyme; PCR-RFLP Analysi

Advertisers use online reviews to design more effective advertisements

The key advertisement element “text” has a unique effect on advertisements and a number of studies have examined how advertisements need to be effective and persuasive. This paper aims to mine the customer reviews for emotional, non-emotional content to design more effective advertisements. The results suggest that the recall effect is higher for print advertisements containing emotional content. Also, we found that advertisements with a mix of emotional and non-emotional content will have a positive attitude towards the print advertisements. Furthermore, It has been found that viewing advertisements with a mix of both emotional and non-emotional text will increase purchase intension among consumers

N-{[4-(4-Meth­oxy­benzene­sulfonamido)­phen­yl]sulfon­yl}acetamide

In the title compound, C15H16N2O6S2, the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 83.2 (3)°. The mol­ecular conformation is stabilized by an intra­molecular C—H⋯O inter­action. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and additional stabilization is provided by weak C—H⋯π inter­actions

N-{[4-(4-Meth­oxy­benzene­sulfonamido)­phen­yl]sulfon­yl}acetamide

In the title compound, C15H16N2O6S2, the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 83.2 (3)°. The mol­ecular conformation is stabilized by an intra­molecular C—H⋯O inter­action. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and additional stabilization is provided by weak C—H⋯π inter­actions

Auction Mechanism-Based Sectored Fractional Frequency Reuse for Irregular Geometry Multicellular Networks

Modern cellular systems have adopted dense frequency reuse to address the growing amount of mobile data traffic. The system capacity is improved accordingly; however, this is at the cost of augmented Inter-Cell Interference (ICI). Recently, Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) has emerged as an efficient ICI management scheme in Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)-based cellular systems. However, the FFR scheme that leads to optimized spectrum allocation for individual users in the irregular geometry networks is not considered in the literature. Meanwhile, in the practical wireless scenario, the users are non-cooperative and want to maximize their demands. A game-theoretic Auction Mechanism-based Sectored-FFR (AMS-FFR) scheme is proposed in this paper to optimally distribute the bandwidth resources to the individual users in the realistic multicellular network deployment. In the proposed auction mechanism, the Base Station (BS) acts as an auctioneer and is the owner of sub-carriers. The users are permitted to bid for a bundle of sub-carriers corresponding to their traffic requirements. The Monte Carlo simulation results show that the presented AMS-FFR scheme outperforms the prevailing FFR schemes in terms of achievable throughput by 65% and 46% compared to the basic FFFR and dynamic FFR-3 schemes, respectively. Moreover, the average sum rate along with the user satisfaction is significantly increased while considering a full traffic load

Voronoi Cell Geometry Based Dynamic Fractional Frequency Reuse for OFDMA Cellular Networks

Interference Management (1M) is one of the major challenges of next generation wireless communication. Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) has been acknowledged as an efficient 1M technique, which offers significant capacity enhancement and improve cell edge coverage with low complexity. In literature, FFR has been analyzed mostly with cellular networks described by Hexagon Grid Model, which is neither tractable nor scalable to the dense deployment of next generation wireless networks. Moreover, the perfect geometry based grid model tends to overestimate the system performance and not able to reflect the reality. In this paper, we use the stochastic geometry approach, FFR is analyzed with cellular network modeled by homogeneous Poisson Point Process (PPP). A dynamic frequency allocation scheme is proposed which take into account the randomness of the cell coverage area describe by Voronoi tessellation. It is shown that the proposed scheme outperforms the traditional fixed frequency allocation schemes in terms of per user capacity and capacity density