Characterization of Brazilian table wines from american varieties

The Brazilian wine industry has a remarkable characteristic that distinguishes from other markets. While the foreign market only accepts products originating from European cultivars (cv) (Vitis vinifera), in Brazil, products originating from American cv (Vitis labrusca and Vitis bourquina) and hybrids are also accepted. Dry and sweet varietal wines from red grapes cv Bordô, Isabel and Máximo and white grapes cv Niágara and Lorena were analyzed, by the following chemical standard analyses: total, volatile and fixed acidity; ethanol content; density; pH; dry and reduced dry extract; ratio ethanol/reduced dry extract; reducing sugars; total and free sulfur dioxide. Additionally, major volatile compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography, directly, without any previous treatment, after the addition of the internal standard (4-nonanol).A indústria de vinho brasileira tem uma característica notável que a distingui dos outros mercados. Enquanto o mercado estrangeiro só aceita produtos originários das cultivares (cv) européias (V. vinifera), no Brasil, produtos originários das cv americanas (V. labrusca e V. bourquina) e híbridos também são aceitos. Vinhos varietais secos e suaves das uvas tintas das cv Bordô, Isabel e Máximo, e das uvas brancas das cv Niágara e Lorena foram avaliados pelas seguintes análises químicas: acidez total, volátil e fixa; teor alcoólico, massa volúmica, pH, extrato seco total e reduzido; relação álcool em peso/extrato seco reduzido, açúcares redutores; dióxido de enxofre total e livre. Adicionalmente, os compostos voláteis maioritários foram avaliados por cromatografia gasosa, diretamente, sem qualquer tratamento prévio, após a adição do padrão interno (4-nonanol)

Vinhos de mesa varietais de uvas americanas: análises químicas e energética

A indústria brasileira de vinhos tem uma característica notável que a distingui dos outros mercados. Enquanto o mercado estrangeiro só aceita produtos originários das variedades europeias (V. vinifera), no Brasil, produtos originários das variedades americanas (V. labrusca e V. bourquina) e híbridos também são aceitos. Vinhos varietais secos e suaves das variedades Bordô (seco e suave), Isabel (suave) e Máximo (seco), foram avaliados pelas seguintes determinações químicas: teor alcoólico; densidade; extrato seco total e reduzido; relação álcool em massa/extrato seco reduzido, açúcares redutores; acidez total, volátil e fixa; pH; dióxido de enxofre total e livre; e valor energético. Todos os vinhos analisados apresentaram resultados dentro dos parâmetros estipulados pela legislação brasileira, fato positivo, uma vez que são comercializados. O vinho varietal Máximo apresentou um teor baixo de dióxido de enxofre livre e total, podendo acarretar problemas futuros com sua sanidade.The Brazilian wine industry has a remarkable characteristic that distinguishes from other markets, while the foreign market only accepts products originating from European varieties (Vitis vinifera), in Brazil, products originating from American varieties (Vitis labrusca and Vitis bourquina) and hybrids are also accepted. Dry and sweet varietal wines from varieties Bordô (dry and sweet), Isabel (sweet) e Máximo (dry) were analyzed, by the following chemical standard analyses: alcohol content; density; total and reduced dry matter; alcohol/reduced dry extract ratio; reducing sugars; total, volatile and fixed acidity; pH; total and free sulfur dioxide; and energy value. All analyzed wines presented results within the parameters set forth by Brazilian law, a positive fact, once they are commercialized. The varietal wine Máximo presented a low content of total and free sulfur dioxide, which may cause future problems with its sanity.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Characterization of brazilian table wines from american varieties

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A complex storm system in Saturn's north polar atmosphere in 2018

Saturn’s convective storms usually fall in two categories. One consists of mid-sized storms ~2,000¿km wide, appearing as irregular bright cloud systems that evolve rapidly, on scales of a few days. The other includes the Great White Spots, planetary-scale giant storms ten times larger than the mid-sized ones, which disturb a full latitude band, enduring several months, and have been observed only seven times since 1876. Here we report a new intermediate type, observed in 2018 in the north polar region. Four large storms with east–west lengths ~4,000–8,000¿km (the first one lasting longer than 200 days) formed sequentially in close latitudes, experiencing mutual encounters and leading to zonal disturbances affecting a full latitude band ~8,000¿km wide, during at least eight months. Dynamical simulations indicate that each storm required energies around ten times larger than mid-sized storms but ~100 times smaller than those necessary for a Great White Spot. This event occurred at about the same latitude and season as the Great White Spot in 1960, in close correspondence with the cycle of approximately 60 years hypothesized for equatorial Great White Spots.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Leishmania-Specific Surface Antigens Show Sub-Genus Sequence Variation and Immune Recognition

Single-celled Leishmania parasites, transmitted by sand flies, infect humans and other mammals in many tropical and sub-tropical regions, giving rise to a spectrum of diseases called the leishmaniases. Species of parasite within the Leishmania genus can be divided into two groups (referred to as sub-genera) that are separated by up to 100 million years of evolution yet are highly related at the genome level. Our research is focused on identifying gene differences between these sub-genera that may identify proteins that impact on the transmission and pathogenicity of different Leishmania species. Here we report the presence of a highly-variant genomic locus (OHL) that was previously described as absent in parasites of the L. (Viannia) subgenus (on the basis of lack of key genes) but is present and well-characterised (as the LmcDNA16 locus) in all members of the alternative subgenus, L. (Leishmania). We demonstrate that the proteins encoded within the LmcDNA16 and OHL loci are similar in their structure and surface localisation in mammalian-infective amastigotes, despite significant differences in their DNA sequences. Most importantly, we demonstrate that the OHL locus proteins, like the HASP proteins from the LmcDNA16 locus, contain highly variable amino acid repeats that are antigenic in man and may therefore contribute to future vaccine development

The Gaia alerted fading of the FUor-type star Gaia21elv

FU Orionis objects (FUors) are eruptive young stars, which exhibit outbursts that last from decades to a century. Due to the duration of their outbursts, and to the fact that only about two dozens of such sources are known, information on the end of their outbursts is limited. Here we analyse follow-up photometry and spectroscopy of Gaia21elv, a young stellar object, which had a several decades long outburst. It was reported as a Gaia science alert due to its recent fading by more than a magnitude. To study the fading of the source and look for signatures characteristic of FUors, we have obtained follow-up near infrared (NIR) spectra using Gemini South/IGRINS, and both optical and NIR spectra using VLT/X-SHOOTER. The spectra at both epochs show typical FUor signatures, such as a triangular shaped $H$-band continuum, absorption-line dominated spectrum, and P Cygni profiles. In addition to the typical FUor signatures, [OI], [FeII], and [SII] were detected, suggesting the presence of a jet or disk wind. Fitting the spectral energy distributions with an accretion disc model suggests a decrease of the accretion rate between the brightest and faintest states. The rapid fading of the source in 2021 was most likely dominated by an increase of circumstellar extinction. The spectroscopy presented here confirms that Gaia21elv is a classical FUor, the third such object discovered among the Gaia science alerts.Comment: Accepted to MNRA

Air temperature variations and gradients along the coast and fjords of western Spitsbergen

Daily temperature measurements from six meteorological stations along the coast and fjords of western Spitsbergen have been digitized and quality controlled in a Norwegian, Russian and Polish collaboration. Complete daily data series have been reconstructed back to 1948 for all of the stations. One of the station’s monthly temperature series has previously been extended back to 1898 and is included in this study. The long-term series show large temperature variability on western Spitsbergen with colder periods in the 1910s and 1960s and warmer periods in the 1930s, 1950s and in the 21st century. The most recent years are the warmest ones in the instrumental records. There is a positive and statistically significant trend in the annual times series for all of the stations; however, the strongest warming is seen in winter and spring. For the period 1979-2015, the linear trends range from 1.0 to 1.38°C/decade for the annual series and from 2.0 to 2.38°C/decade in winter. Threshold statistics demonstrate a decrease in the number of cold days per year and an increase in the number of warm days. A decreasing inter-annual variability is observed. In winter, spring and autumn, the stations in the northernmost areas of west Spitsbergen and in the innermost parts of Isfjorden are the coldest ones. In summer, however, the southernmost station is the coldest one