Systematic computation of crystal field multiplets for X-ray core spectroscopies

We present a new approach to computing multiplets for core spectroscopies, whereby the crystal field is constructed explicitly from the positions and charges of surrounding atoms. The simplicity of the input allows the consideration of crystal fields of any symmetry, and in particular facilitates the study of spectroscopic effects arising from low symmetry environments. The interplay between polarization directions and crystal field can also be conveniently investigated. The determination of the multiplets proceeds from a Dirac density functional atomic calculation, followed by the exact diagonalization of the Coulomb, spin-orbit and crystal field interactions for the electrons in the open shells. The eigenstates are then used to simulate X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering spectra. In examples ranging from high symmetry down to low symmetry environment, comparisons with experiments are done with unadjusted model parameters as well as with semi-empirically optimized ones. Furthermore, predictions for the RIXS of low-temperature MnO and for Dy in a molecular complex are proposed.Comment: Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.

Acidic pH reduces VEGF-mediated endothelial cell responses by downregulation of VEGFR-2; relevance for anti-angiogenic therapies.

Anti-angiogenic treatments targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor or its receptors have shown clinical benefits. However, impact on long-term survival remains limited. Solid tumors display an acidic microenvironment that profoundly influences their biology. Consequences of acidity on endothelial cells and anti-angiogenic therapies remain poorly characterized and hence are the focus of this study. We found that exposing endothelial cells to acidic extracellular pH resulted in reduced cell proliferation and migration. Also, whereas VEGF increased endothelial cell proliferation and survival at pH 7.4, it had no effect at pH 6.4. Furthermore, in acidic conditions, stimulation of endothelial cells with VEGF did not result in activation of downstream signaling pathways such as AKT. At a molecular level, acidity significantly decreased the expression of VEGFR-2 by endothelial cells. Consequently, anti-angiogenic therapies that target VEGFR-2 such as sunitinib and sorafenib failed to block endothelial cell proliferation in acidic conditions. In vivo, neutralizing tumor acidity with sodium bicarbonate increased the percentage of endothelial cells expressing VEGFR-2 in tumor xenografts. Furthermore, combining sodium bicarbonate with sunitinib provided stronger anti-cancer activity than either treatment alone. Histological analysis showed that sunitinib had a stronger anti-angiogenic effect when combined with sodium bicarbonate. Overall, our results show that endothelial cells prosper independently of VEGF in acidic conditions partly as a consequence of decreased VEGFR-2 expression. They further suggest that strategies aiming to raise intratumoral pH can improve the efficacy of anti-VEGF treatments

Anisotropic spin fluctuations and multiple superconducting gaps in hole-doped Ba_0.7K_0.3Fe_2As_2: NMR in a single crystal

We report the first ^{75}As-NMR study on a single crystal of the hole-doped iron-pnictide superconductor Ba_{0.7}K_{0.3}Fe_2As_{2} (T_c = 31.5 K). We find that the Fe antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations are anisotropic and are weaker compared to underdoped copper-oxides or cobalt-oxide superconductors. The spin lattice relaxation rate 1/T_1 decreases below T_c with no coherence peak and shows a step-wise variation at low temperatures, which is indicative of multiple superconducting gaps, as in the electron-doped Pr(La)FeAsO$_{1-x}$F$_{x}$. Furthermore, no evidence was obtained for a microscopic coexistence of a long-range magnetic and superconductivity

Acidic tumor microenvironment abrogates the efficacy of mTORC1 inhibitors.

Blocking the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC1) with chemical inhibitors such as rapamycin has shown limited clinical efficacy in cancer. The tumor microenvironment is characterized by an acidic pH which interferes with cancer therapies. The consequences of acidity on the anti-cancer efficacy of mTORC1 inhibitors have not been characterized and are thus the focus of our study. Cancer cell lines were treated with rapamycin in acidic or physiological conditions and cell proliferation was investigated. The effect of acidity on mTORC1 activity was determined by Western blot. The anticancer efficacy of rapamycin in combination with sodium bicarbonate to increase the intratumoral pH was tested in two different mouse models and compared to rapamycin treatment alone. Histological analysis was performed on tumor samples to evaluate proliferation, apoptosis and necrosis. Exposing cancer cells to acidic pH in vitro significantly reduced the anti-proliferative effect of rapamycin. At the molecular level, acidity significantly decreased mTORC1 activity, suggesting that cancer cell proliferation is independent of mTORC1 in acidic conditions. In contrast, the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) or AKT were not affected by acidity, and blocking MAPK or AKT with a chemical inhibitor maintained an anti-proliferative effect at low pH. In tumor mouse models, the use of sodium bicarbonate increased mTORC1 activity in cancer cells and potentiated the anti-cancer efficacy of rapamycin. Combining sodium bicarbonate with rapamycin resulted in increased tumor necrosis, increased cancer cell apoptosis and decreased cancer cell proliferation as compared to single treatment. Taken together, these results emphasize the inefficacy of mTORC1 inhibitors in acidic conditions. They further highlight the potential of combining sodium bicarbonate with mTORC1 inhibitors to improve their anti-tumoral efficacy

Targeting carbonic anhydrase IX improves the anti-cancer efficacy of mTOR inhibitors.

The inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) by chemical inhibitors, such as rapamycin, has demonstrated anti-cancer activity in preclinical and clinical trials. Their efficacy is, however, limited and tumors eventually relapse through resistance formation. In this study, using two different cancer mouse models, we identify tumor hypoxia as a novel mechanism of resistance of cancer cells against mTORC1 inhibitors. Indeed, we show that the activity of mTORC1 is mainly restricted to the non-hypoxic tumor compartment, as evidenced by a mutually exclusive staining pattern of the mTORC1 activity marker pS6 and the hypoxia marker pimonidazole. Consequently, whereas rapamycin reduces cancer cell proliferation in non-hypoxic regions, it has no effect in hypoxic areas, suggesting that cancer cells proliferate independently of mTORC1 under hypoxia. Targeting the hypoxic tumor compartment by knockdown of carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) using short hairpin RNA or by chemical inhibition of CAIX with acetazolamide potentiates the anti-cancer activity of rapamycin. Taken together, these data emphasize that hypoxia impairs the anti-cancer efficacy of rapalogs. Therapeutic strategies targeting the hypoxic tumor compartment, such as the inhibition of CAIX, potentiate the efficacy of rapamycin and warrant further clinical evaluation

Assessment of Preoperative Liver Function in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma - The Albumin-Indocyanine Green Evaluation (ALICE) Grade.

Most patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have underlying liver disease, therefore, precise preoperative evaluation of the patient's liver function is essential for surgical decision making. We developed a grading system incorporating only two variables, namely, the serum albumin level and the indocyanine green retention rate at 15 minutes (ICG R15), to assess the preoperative liver function, based on the overall survival of 1868 patients with HCC who underwent liver resection. We then tested the model in a European cohort (n = 70) and analyzed the predictive power for the postoperative short-term outcome. The Albumin-Indocyanine Green Evaluation (ALICE) grading system was developed in a randomly assigned training cohort: linear predictor = 0.663 × log10ICG R15 (%)-0.0718 × albumin (g/L) (cut-off value: -2.20 and -1.39). This new grading system showed a predictive power for the overall survival similar to the Child-Pugh grading system in the validation cohort. Determination of the ALICE grade in Child-Pugh A patients allowed further stratification of the postoperative prognosis. This result was reproducible in the European cohort. Determination of the ALICE grade allowed better prediction of the risk of postoperative liver failure and mortality (ascites: grade 1, 2.1%; grade 2, 6.5%; grade 3, 16.0%; mortality: grade 1, 0%; grade 2, 1.3%; grade 3, 5.3%) than the previously reported model based on the presence/absence of portal hypertension. This new grading system is a simple method for prediction of the postoperative long-term and short-term outcomes

Early molecular layer interneuron hyperactivity triggers Purkinje neuron degeneration in SCA1

Toxic proteinaceous deposits and alterations in excitability and activity levels characterize vulnerable neuronal populations in neurodegenerative diseases. Using in vivo two-photon imaging in behaving spino-cerebellar ataxia type 1 (Sca1) mice, wherein Purkinje neurons (PNs) degenerate, we identify an inhibitory cir-cuit element (molecular layer interneurons [MLINs]) that becomes prematurely hyperexcitable, compro-mising sensorimotor signals in the cerebellum at early stages. Mutant MLINs express abnormally elevated parvalbumin, harbor high excitatory-to-inhibitory synaptic density, and display more numerous synaptic connections on PNs, indicating an excitation/inhibition imbalance. Chemogenetic inhibition of hyperexcit-able MLINs normalizes parvalbumin expression and restores calcium signaling in Sca1 PNs. Chronic inhibi-tion of mutant MLINs delayed PN degeneration, reduced pathology, and ameliorated motor deficits in Sca1 mice. Conserved proteomic signature of Sca1 MLINs, shared with human SCA1 interneurons, involved the higher expression of FRRS1L, implicated in AMPA receptor trafficking. We thus propose that circuit-level def-icits upstream of PNs are one of the main disease triggers in SCA1

Early molecular layer interneuron hyperactivity triggers Purkinje neuron degeneration in SCA1.

Toxic proteinaceous deposits and alterations in excitability and activity levels characterize vulnerable neuronal populations in neurodegenerative diseases. Using in vivo two-photon imaging in behaving spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (Sca1) mice, wherein Purkinje neurons (PNs) degenerate, we identify an inhibitory circuit element (molecular layer interneurons [MLINs]) that becomes prematurely hyperexcitable, compromising sensorimotor signals in the cerebellum at early stages. Mutant MLINs express abnormally elevated parvalbumin, harbor high excitatory-to-inhibitory synaptic density, and display more numerous synaptic connections on PNs, indicating an excitation/inhibition imbalance. Chemogenetic inhibition of hyperexcitable MLINs normalizes parvalbumin expression and restores calcium signaling in Sca1 PNs. Chronic inhibition of mutant MLINs delayed PN degeneration, reduced pathology, and ameliorated motor deficits in Sca1 mice. Conserved proteomic signature of Sca1 MLINs, shared with human SCA1 interneurons, involved the higher expression of FRRS1L, implicated in AMPA receptor trafficking. We thus propose that circuit-level deficits upstream of PNs are one of the main disease triggers in SCA1

Targeted disruption of Slc2a8 (GLUT8) reduces motility and mitochondrial potential of spermatozoa

GLUT8 is a class 3 sugar transport facilitator which is predominantly expressed in testis and also detected in brain, heart, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, adrenal gland, and liver. Since its physiological function in these tissues is unknown, we generated a Slc2a8 null mouse and characterized its phenotype. Slc2a8 knockout mice appeared healthy and exhibited normal growth, body weight development and glycemic control, indicating that GLUT8 does not play a significant role for maintenance of whole body glucose homeostasis. However, analysis of the offspring distribution of heterozygous mating indicated a lower number of Slc2a8 knockout offspring (30.5:47.3:22.1%, Slc2a8+/+, Slc2a8+/−, and Slc2a8−/− mice, respectively) resulting in a deviation (p = 0.0024) from the expected Mendelian distribution. This difference was associated with lower ATP levels, a reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and a significant reduction of sperm motility of the Slc2a8 knockout in comparison to wild-type spermatozoa. In contrast, number and survival rate of spermatozoa were not altered. These data indicate that GLUT8 plays an important role in the energy metabolism of sperm cells