Does Lexical Frequency affect rater judgement of essays? An experimental design using quantitative and qualitative data

Many correlational studies show a positive relation between written assessments of language and use of more diverse vocabulary (Lexical Diversity) and more infrequent words (Lexical Frequency). However, there have been no experimental studies that have isolated the effects of Lexical Frequency from Lexical Diversity. In the present study, 14 raters judged two versions of the same essay that differed only in Lexical Frequency. A Paired T-test showed no difference in mean scores between essays (t(13) = .396, p = .70) when the Lexical Frequency of 23.5% of Content Words were changed in a 347 word essay. Comments explaining scores given to essays showed that features other than vocabulary had a far greater influence on rater judgement. It is possible that the Lexical Frequency manipulations were not great enough to affect rater judgement, whether subliminal or conscious. Implications of these results for standardized language proficiency tests and future research in vocabulary are discussed

Study of a pair of coupled continuum equations modeling surface growth

In this communication we introduce a pair of coupled continuum equations to model overlayer growth with evaporation-accretion due to thermal or mechanical agitations of the substrate. We gain insight into the dynamics of growth via one-loop perturbative techniques. This allows us to analyze our numerical data. We conclude that there is a crossover behaviour from a roughening regime to a very long-time, large length scale smoothening regime.Comment: 21 pages, 13 figures. Submitted to J. Phys.: Condens. Matte

Emergency airway management of a patient with tracheal stenosis

We are presenting a case of a 26 year old healthy male, who came with gradual worsening of dyspnoea following prolonged intubation and ventilation, after a road traffic accident five months back. On arrival in ER, he was hypoxaemic with severe respiratory distress. He was transferred to the operation room (OR) for emergency tracheostomy. During the transfer, he was placed in an upright position with oxygen at 15 L/M. In the OR, anaesthesia was induced with sevoflurane gradually. Direct laryngoscopy was done which revealed normal vocal cords. A size 4.00 mm ID endotracheal tube was impossible to pass more than 1-2 cm distal to vocal cords. Due to a large leak, size 8 tube was passed below the cords and cuff was inflated slightly to reduce air leak. Oxygen saturation dropped to 95-96% and surgeon was asked to start tracheostomy. Findings included an almost complete subglottic stenosis, 2 cm below the vocal cords. A tracheostomy tube was inserted below the stenotic lesion which was followed by direct laryngoscopy

Anaesthetic management of neonatal primary hyperparathyroidism

Neonatal primary hyperparathyroidism (NPHP) is a rare disease that presents in the first 6 months of life. It is almost invariably fatal unless a prompt diagnosis is made and urgent surgical intervention is instituted. Patients with hyperparathyroidism require special preoperative considerations. They require proper work-up from cardiac, renal and neurological point of view, correction of intravenous volume and electrolytes irregularities. We are presenting a case of an infant who started to have cyanosis and lethargy at 21st day of life. Initial diagnosis of pneumonia was made but later on diagnosed as hyperparathyroidism. He was planned for parathyroidectomy under general anaesthesia. He was induced with sevoflurane followed by fentanyl and atracurium and intubated with size 3.5 mm endotracheal tube (ETT). Later, he was maintained with isoflurane and O2/NO2. He was successfully extubated at the end of operation and was shifted to intensive care unit (ICU) for close monitoring

TREATMENT ACCORDING TITANIUM ELASTIC SPICA CAST NAILING VS TRACTION AND HIP SPICA CAST IN CHILDREN BETWEEN AGE 6-12 YEARS

Objective: comparison of adaptable nails in titanium with skeletal traction and hip gland for the treatment of femoral rupture in young people between 6 and 12 years old in our implant. Study design: randomly controlled start controls. Place and duration of the study: this examination was carried out at the MMC / Ibn-E-Siena MMC hospital / research institute from June 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016. Materials and methods: 60 patients with rupture of the femoral axis were included in this examination. The understanding of the first 3 months of introduction was regulated by the budget and the allocation of the spike, while the following 3 months were by TEN. The industrial age of 6 to 12 years with a femoral rupture rod discovered within a seven-day multiple injury sequence was consolidated in the study. Results: in this examination, 31 of the 60 patients were men and 29 women. The average age of the patients was recorded as 8.90 + 2.00 years. In the Fractions regulated by TEN, the typical cooling time (08 weeks) appears differently in relation to the total spic in which the recovery time (10 weeks) (p = 0.001), the angulation of the analogous fractionation is greater in the spik crop (p = 0.001). The rotational distortion is lower in TEN (P <0.005) while the length of the separation of the lime was higher in the spik crop (P <0.001). the length of the non-heavy bearing is longer in the spike, with an increase of P <0.005. The scores of Flynn's results were better on TEN when they appeared differently in relation to the spike collection. Conclusion: we have induced that the result has improved in the social event TEN when it is different from those that meet the balance sought by the cast of espica. Key Words: Fermur, Hip spica, Titanium elastic nailing, Femoral shaft

Do we need a new perspective on chronic diseases? The combined effects of workplace stress and socioeconomic status as non-traditional disease risk factors in Canada

Background: Approximately 80% of Canadians over the age of 20 are at risk of developing a chronic disease (CD) such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type II diabetes (T2D) (Artham, Lavie, Milani, & Ventura, 2009; PHAC, 2017; Yach, 2004). The burden of CD is not distributed equally amongst Canadians either, with those from lower socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds having higher CD outcomes and poorer health overall (Patra, 2007). Although the role of stress has often been implicated in the development of CVD and T2D, research on the combined effects of stress and SES is lacking in Canada (Cotter & Kelly, 2018; Crompton, 2011; Ferris, Kline, & Bourdage, 2012; Guan, Collet, Mazowita, & Claydon, 2018; Hughes, Lu, & Howard, 2018; Smith, Frank, & Mustard, 2008; Steptoe, Siegrist, Kirschbaum, & Marmot, 2004). The highest source of stress amongst Canadian adults is reported to be due to work instead of finances; therefore, workplace stress and SES might have cumulative effects that can increase the odds of developing CVD and T2D (Kivimaki & Kawachi, 2015). Objective: This study investigated if self-reported stress levels and measures of socioeconomic status (including household income, household education level, and occupational type) were significantly associated to self-reported diagnosis of CVD and T2D, even after controlling for traditional risk factors: smoking status, alcohol intake, fruit and vegetable intake, and physical activity (Pouwer, Kupper, & Adriaanse, 2010). Further analysis sought to investigate the combined effects of both SES and workplace stress on CD outcomes by calculating the magnitude of their multiplicative interaction and additive interaction via reporting the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI). Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted through multivariate logistic regression analysis using a bootstrapped weighted sample of 78,023 respondents from the Canadian Community Health Survey (2015-16). Models initially controlled for age, sex, race or cultural background, and body mass index (BMI), and subsequently the traditional risk factors to understand the true association between stress and SES on CD outcomes. Combined effects of both main variables were assessed using multiplicative and additive interaction analysis. Results: Outcomes from logistic regression analyses showed a significant association between perceived life stress and all aspects of SES for both CVD and T2D. Perceived life stress and SES remained significantly associated to both CD outcomes even after adjusting for traditional behaviour risk factors. A significant interaction between high life stress and low household income showed almost double the odds of reporting diabetes (OR=1.89, p=0.03), compared to the product of the individual factors alone. Results support that perceived stress and SES might have independent associations to CD outcome and together they might have cumulative effects on health. Conclusion: Our results corroborate other findings that stress and SES might have independent associations to CD outcomes, even in the absence of traditional disease risk factors. These results highlight the importance of understanding the cumulative effects social and economic factors in exascerbating CD outcomes. To our knowledge, this is the first Canadian study to show the cumulative effects of perceived stress and SES on outcomes of CVD and diabetes, and why we might need to change our approach to combat incidence of CDs