Deep Characterization of SARS-CoV-2: An Overview

The coronavirus epidemic has become one of the major health concerns all over the world recently. Like other strains of coronavirus, this strain also spreads through a droplet-based transmission that is the main cause of its worldwide spread. Several trials of antiviral medicines related to the control of the virus have already begun globally but still one of the main problems is the lack of a viable treatment option. An extensive amount of research is still taking place to organize the data associated with genomics and proteomics of its original strain SARS-CoV-2 alongside other mutant strains. This review summarizes the related up-to-date research that is going on the structural organization of the genome and proteome of the virus. *Corresponding Author: Ehsan Ul Haq; Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Please cite this article as: Ul Haq E. Deep Characterization of SARS-CoV-2: An Overview. Arch Med Lab Sci. 2021;7:1-6 (e2). https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v7.3361

An auto-titrating (intelligent) oxygen system in patients with chronic respiratory failure

Long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) improves survival in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic hypoxaemia with international guidelines recommending LTOT for patients with chronic hypoxaemia secondary to respiratory failure. LTOT is prescribed at a fixed-flow rate aiming to maintain the partial pressure of oxygen ≥8 kilopascals or oxygen saturations (SpO2) >90% at rest. However, many patients on domiciliary LTOT continue to experience episodes of intermittent hypoxia (SpO2 <90%) during rest, exercise, activities of daily living (ADL) and sleep with the potentially harmful consequences of arrhythmias, ischaemic heart disease, transient increases in pulmonary pressures and reduced cerebral oxygenation. The aim of this thesis was to explore whether a novel smartphone based auto-titrating oxygen system (the intelligent oxygen therapy system [iO2Ts]), could reduce intermittent hypoxia by delivering variable flow oxygen to maintain a pre-set SpO2 target during various activities which typically take place over a period of 24 hours. In the first study, the iO2Ts significantly reduced intermittent hypoxia compared to ambulatory oxygen in patients with COPD on LTOT during a 6-minute walk test (6MWT). The second study showed that the iO2Ts is equivalent to ambulatory oxygen in reducing intermittent hypoxia during a 6MWT in patients with interstitial lung disease (a group of patients who rapidly desaturate on exercise). The third study showed that the iO2Ts reduced intermittent hypoxia during ADL in patients on LTOT compared to usual LTOT. In a fourth pilot study, the iO2Ts maintained oxygenation as well as usual LTOT and did not change transcutaneous carbon dioxide levels compared to LTOT during sleep. In summary, this thesis has shown that the iO2Ts can reduced intermittent hypoxia in patients on LTOT during various activities which typically take place over 24 hours. The reduction in intermittent hypoxia could optimise domiciliary and ambulatory oxygen for patients on LTOT.Open Acces

H1N1 Influenza Virus (Swine Flu): A Comprehensive Insight into Escalating Catch-22 Scenarios

Introduction: Viruses have always been a major cause of various disastrous pandemics in mankind’s history. H1N1 became a threat when its original strain was first discovered back in the swine flu pandemic of 2009. It became highly catastrophic on a large scale because none of the therapeutic interventions and methodologies that were already present at the time were effective against the virus. Methods: A vast amount of literature and research is available regarding H1N1 influenza from different reputable sources online. The data was gathered following the contrasting and relative situations of 1918 as well as the 2009 pandemic in mind. The overall extracted material provides comprehensive insights into the ups and downs of H1N1 influenza from 1918 up to 2009. Results: H1N1 virus comprises of a huge potential to cause a pandemic of Influenza type A. The illness caused by the virus has a varying degree of severity depending on the immune function of the individual being under attack. The virus exploits droplet-based transmission mode for its spread from one host to another. The major center of escalation of the subtypes of virus mostly originates from different avian and swine species. Most notably subtypes H9N2 and H5N1 of influenza A, which aren’t easily transmissible among humans. Furthermore, the droplet-based transmission takes comparably less time to infect a population of thousands if not millions. This ultimately increases the overall death toll by several folds by initiating a constant wave of pro-inflammatory cytokine release among affected hosts. Conclusions: Since its discovery in 2009, researchers have developed antiviral drugs and vaccines to fight the virus, most of which have proven to be very successful in treating the interconnected complications. The present-day strategies are only efficacious until the current strains of influenza A do not produce resistance against these drugs. All the therapeutic techniques and methodologies that have been developed to confront the virus up until now have been described in this ample review

Synthesis of silica cryogel-glass fiber blanket by vacuum drying

none3Kunjalukkal Padmanabhan, Sanosh; Ul Haq, Ehsan; Licciulli, AntonioKUNJALUKKAL PADMANABHAN, Sanosh; UL HAQ, Ehsan; Licciulli, ANTONIO ALESSANDR

Some novel schemes by using multiplicative calculus for nonlinear equations

This research is supported by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan.In this paper, we suggest and analyze a new family of two-step predictor corrector type iterative schemes for solving nonlinear equations in the framework of multiplicative calculus. We also discuss the convergence criteria of these newly developed iterative methods. Some numerical examples will be given to illustrate the efficiency and performance of derived methods.Publisher's Versio

Numerical Solution and Analysis for Acute and Chronic Hepatitis B

In this article, we present the transmission dynamic of the acute and chronic hepatitis B epidemic problem to control the spread of hepatitis B in a community. In order to do this, first we present sensitivity analysis of the basic reproduction number R0. We develop a unconditionally convergent nonstandard finite difference scheme by applying Mickens approach φ(h) = h + O(h^2) instead of h to control the spread of this infection, treatment and vaccination to minimize the number of acute infected, chronically infected with hepatitis B individuals and maximize the number of susceptible and recovered individuals. The stability analysis of the scheme has been developed by theorems which shows the both stable locally and globally. Comparison is also made with standard nonstandard finite difference scheme. Finally numerical simulations are also established to investigate the influence of the system parameter on the spread of the disease

Setting and curing of mortars obtained by alkali activation and inorganic polymerization from sodium silicate and silica aggregate

none4Haq, Ehsan Ul; Kunjalukkal Padmanabhan, Sanosh; Abdul Karim, Muhammad Ramzan; Licciulli, AntonioHaq, Ehsan Ul; KUNJALUKKAL PADMANABHAN, Sanosh; Abdul Karim, Muhammad Ramzan; Licciulli, ANTONIO ALESSANDR