Towards evidence-based marketing: The case of childhood obesity

Contentious commodities such as tobacco, alcohol and fatty foods are bringing marketing under scrutiny from consumers and policymakers. Yet there is little agreement on whether marketing is harmful to society. Systematic review (SR), a methodology derived from clinical medicine, offers marketers a tool for providing resolution and allowing policymakers to proceed with greater confidence. This article describes how SR methods were applied for the first time to a marketing problem -- the effects of food promotion to children. The review withstood scrutiny and its findings were formally ratified by government bodies and policymakers, demonstrating that SR methods can transfer from clinical research to marketing

Testowanie wiroprądowe w oparciu o pomiar siły Lorentza : dwuwymiarowe studium numeryczne

The main aim of this work is to provide 2D numerical data for the motion of a permanent magnet in the vicinity of a solid state body. The goals of this work include the evaluation of induced eddy current, total and current Lorentz Force (LF) distribution insi de a solid body accounting for pre-defined defects. The approach of logi cal expressions and of a moving mesh were used successfully to solve the presented linear eddy current testing problem (LET). The logi cal expression approach, for the similar number of degrees of freedom, was able to solve the given problem approximately 8 times faster than the moving mesh approach.Testowanie z wykorzystaniem prądów wirowych i pomiarów siły Lorentza jest bezstykową i nieniszczącą metodą służącą do detekcji głębokich defektów w materiałach stałych przewodzących. Zasada tej metody jest oparta na pomiarze siły Lorentza wytwarzanej w wyniku wzajemnego ruchu między magnesem trwałym i badanym materiałem. Gdy magnes jest przesuwany ponad defektem, to siła Lorentza działająca na magnes ulega chwilowym zmianom. Detekcja tych perturbacji siły Lorentza pozwala identyfikować i lokalizować defekty w materiale. Głównym celem niniejszej pracy jest dostarczenie dwuwymiarowych danych numerycznych dla ruchu magnesu trwałego w sąsiedztwie ciała stałostanowego. Analiza jest przeprowadzona dla tzw. liniowego problemu testowania wiroprądowego, biorącego pod uwagę liniowy ruch magnesu trwałego nad prętem w stanie stałym. Metodę elementów skończonych opartą na handlowym solwerze COMSOL Multiphysics użyto do symulowania rzeczywistej geometrii danego problemu z odpowiednimi równaniami różniczkowymi. Cele tej pracy obejmują ocenę indukowanych prądów wirowych, rozkład ogólnych i lokalnych sił Lorentza

Testowanie wiroprądowe w oparciu o pomiar siły Lorentza

The paper at hand reports investigations regarding the characterization of an a electrically conducting solid state specimen with a new non-destructive measurement technique for the detection of subsurface defects. On the one hand it is necessary to characterize a specimen without defects in order to detect defects, on the other hand we show the validation of the analytical and numerical models that are used to simulate the application.Artykuł opisuje badania charakteryzujące elektrycznie przewodzącą próbkę w stanie stałym przy użyciu nowej nieniszczącej techniki pomiarowej w celu detekcji defektów podpowierzchniowyc

Corrosion of Stainless-Steels in Chloride Solution - An Xps Investigation of Passive Films

Five commercial steels ranging from the martensitic stainless steel containing 12% chromium to the superferrite containing 29% chromium, 4% molybdenum, and 2% nickel have been studied by XPS. In addition, a pure iron-chromium alloy containing 7% chromium has been investigated. Armco iron and pure chromium (99.99%) were included as references. The formation of the passive films (or corrosion) occurred in deoxygenated 0.1 M NaCl solution (pH=5.6), from which the samples were transferred directly to the XPS chamber under controlled atmosphere (Ar). Concentration profiles (at.-%) of the alloy constituents in their oxidized and metallic states have been determined separately from the measured XPS depth profiles. For c≳= 12% chromium the passive films have the following structure: there is a depletion of Cr in the inner region, followed by an enrichment (concentration maximum) in the central region of the films. The height of this maximum increases, and its position shifts towards the surface with increasing chromium content in the alloy. The outermost monolayers are rich in water and hydroxyl groups. Various significant properties of the films change drastically at the critical chromium concentration of about 12%. This behaviour is rather independent of the other components (Mo, Ni, Cu) present in the alloys and is discussed in terms of a phase transition in the films which is controlled by the chromium concentration