Impact of seeding date and crop density on the ontogenesis, yield and quality of spelt grain (Triticum spelta L.)

Heksaploidna pšenica krupnik (Triticum spelta L.) zauzima značajno mesto u grupi alternativnih žita, jer zbog svojih bioloških osobina, kao i hemijskog sastava zrna postaje sve interesantnija za gajenje. Potrošnja proizvoda od zrna u ishrani ljudi konstantno se povećava. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se ustanovi uticaj vremena setve, gustine useva i stepena dorade upotrebljenog semena (plevičasto, oljušteno) na dinamiku odvijanja fenofaza, na morfološke osobine i prinos krupnika sorte Nirvana. Trogodišnja istraživanja (2010–2012) izvedena su na oglednom polju Instituta “Tamiš” (N 44° 56`, E 20° 43`), na tipu zemljišta, karbonatni černozem u ogledu postavljenom po metodu podeljenih parcela (split-plot) u četiri ponavljanja. Vreme setve značajno je uticalo na dinamiku nastupanja i trajanja fenofaza, dok gustina useva nije ispoljila uticaj na ontogenezu ozimog krupnika. Prosečna dužina vegetacionog perioda u toku istraživanja bila je najveća setvom 5. oktobra (278 dana). Setvom 25. oktobra taj period trajao je 261, a setvom 15. novembra 240 dana. Periodi od setve do nicanja i od nicanja do bokorenja trajali su duže u kasnijim rokovima setve, dok su faze bokorenja, vlatanja, klasanja do pune zrelosti trajale značajno kraće. Najveći uticaj na broj izniklih biljaka, broj stabala, mortalitet izdanaka, broj klasova, stepen poleganja i žetveni indeks imala je gustina useva, dok je vreme setve najviše uticalo na visinu biljke i prinos nadzemne biomase. Na broj zrna po klasu i masu zrna po klasu, vreme setve i gustina useva podjednako su uticali. Prosečne vrednosti indeksa pleva varirale su po rokovima setve, od 30,11%, do 31,39% i po gustinama useva, od 30,26%, do 31,16%. Na osnovu trogodišnjih istraživanja može se istaći da u uslovima povoljnijeg vodnog i toplotnog režima biljke, u celini imaju manji indeks pleva nego u sušnoj godini. Uticaj vremena setve na prinos oljuštenog zrna bio je veoma izražen. Setvom u prvom roku, ostvaren je najveći prinos oljuštenog zrna (3,46 t ha-1). Sa kašnjenjem setve ova vrednost opada, za 4% do 19,7%. Ovaj trend važio je za sve gustine useva i oba nivoa dorade semena. U usevu srednje gustine dobijen je najveći prosečan prinos oljuštenog zrna (3,44 t ha-1), što je posledica najmanjeg stepena mortaliteta izdanaka, kao i optimalnog odnosа broja klasova i broja i mase zrna po klasu...Hexaploid spelt wheat (Triticum spelta L.) occupies an important place in the group of alternative grains, because its biological properties and chemical composition of the seed makes it more and more interesting for production. Consumption of grain products in the diet of people is constantly increasing. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of seeding date, crop density and the processing degree of the used seed (hulled, dehulled) on the phenophase dynamics, morphological characteristics and the yield of spelt variety Nirvana. A threeyear study (2010-2012) was carried out at the experimental field of the “Tamiš” Institute (N 44° 56`, E 20° 43`), on the soil type calcareous chernozem, in an experiment designed by the method of split plots in four replications. Seeding date had a significant impact on the dynamics of the occurrence and duration of phenophases, while the crop density did not express any influence on ontogenesis of winter spelt. The average length of the vegetation period during the research was the highest after seeding on 5th of October (278 days). Seeding on 25th of October that period lasted 261 days, and on 15th of November 240 days. The period from seeding to emergence and from emergence to tillering lasted longer in later seedings, while the phases of tillering, stam elongation and heading to full maturity lasted considerably shorter. Crop density showed the highest impact on the number of emerged plants, number of trees, the tiller mortality, number of spikes, the degree of lodging of stems and harvest index, while the seeding date mostly influenced the plant height and the yield of above-ground biomass. Seeding date and crop density equally affected the number of grains and the grain weight per spike. Average values of husk index varied by seeding date, from 30.11% to 31.39%, and by the crop density from 30.26% to 31.16%. Based on three years of research, it could be pointed out that in the conditions of favorable water and thermal regime plants generally had lower husk index than in a dry year..

Effectiveness of Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation on nodulation dynamics in Glycine max (L.) roots

Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteria on the intensity of nodulation during nine phenophases (R1-R7) in relation to the isoflavone content in soybean seeds. Nine domestic soybean varieties were sown in three replicates, with Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculated and non-inoculated seeds. The different morphological characteristics of nodules, the number and mass of nodules were studied during plants’ ontogenesis. The content of individual isoflavones in the sowing seed material was determined using high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The most abundant isoflavone was acetylgenistin in the variety Galeb (2741.4 μg/g), and the highest content of all isoflavones was recorded in the variety Gorštak (8117.7 μg/g). The variety Sava of the inoculated treatment exhibited the highest average values of the nodule mass (21.1 mg) and the highest number of nodules (23.3) in the phenophase, in which 10% of pods reached full length (R4). The average values of mass and number of nodules were calculated for the entire vegetation period, being higher in the inoculated treatment. There was no positive correlation between the content of isoflavones in seeds and the number and mass of nodules. The impact of quantity of isoflavone on nodulation intensity in soybeans was not significant,, which could be related to already saturated soil with nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Comparison between Organic and Conventional Spelt and Wheatgrass juice

This work is aimed to compare antioxidant and scavenger properties of conventionally and organically produced speltgrass. Moreover, the antioxidant status of spelt was compared with wheatgrass. Three spelt varieties were analyzed:Nirvana, Ebners–Rotkorn variety and Eco-10. Antioxidant enzymes, superoxide-dismutase and guiacol-peroxidase, were determined as well as ferric reducing antioxidant power and DPPH-antiradical power. Total soluble proteins and total phenols were determined and also lipid peroxidation as a parameter of oxidative stress. The organically produced spelt was exposed to the higher levels of oxidative stress than conventionally produced spelt, and also DPPH antiradical power was induced by conventional production, which is also demonstrated using the relative antioxidant capacity index. The best antioxidant properties, better than wheat, showed organically produced spelt genotype Ebners–Rotkorn which is determined by the highest phenol content, superoxide-dismutase activity, DPPH antiradical power and ferric reduced antioxidant power and consequently with the lowest lipid peroxidation intensity

Impact of seeding date and crop density on the ontogenesis, yield and quality of spelt grain (Triticum spelta L.)

Heksaploidna pšenica krupnik (Triticum spelta L.) zauzima značajno mesto u grupi alternativnih žita, jer zbog svojih bioloških osobina, kao i hemijskog sastava zrna postaje sve interesantnija za gajenje. Potrošnja proizvoda od zrna u ishrani ljudi konstantno se povećava. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se ustanovi uticaj vremena setve, gustine useva i stepena dorade upotrebljenog semena (plevičasto, oljušteno) na dinamiku odvijanja fenofaza, na morfološke osobine i prinos krupnika sorte Nirvana. Trogodišnja istraživanja (2010–2012) izvedena su na oglednom polju Instituta “Tamiš” (N 44° 56`, E 20° 43`), na tipu zemljišta, karbonatni černozem u ogledu postavljenom po metodu podeljenih parcela (split-plot) u četiri ponavljanja. Vreme setve značajno je uticalo na dinamiku nastupanja i trajanja fenofaza, dok gustina useva nije ispoljila uticaj na ontogenezu ozimog krupnika. Prosečna dužina vegetacionog perioda u toku istraživanja bila je najveća setvom 5. oktobra (278 dana). Setvom 25. oktobra taj period trajao je 261, a setvom 15. novembra 240 dana. Periodi od setve do nicanja i od nicanja do bokorenja trajali su duže u kasnijim rokovima setve, dok su faze bokorenja, vlatanja, klasanja do pune zrelosti trajale značajno kraće. Najveći uticaj na broj izniklih biljaka, broj stabala, mortalitet izdanaka, broj klasova, stepen poleganja i žetveni indeks imala je gustina useva, dok je vreme setve najviše uticalo na visinu biljke i prinos nadzemne biomase. Na broj zrna po klasu i masu zrna po klasu, vreme setve i gustina useva podjednako su uticali. Prosečne vrednosti indeksa pleva varirale su po rokovima setve, od 30,11%, do 31,39% i po gustinama useva, od 30,26%, do 31,16%. Na osnovu trogodišnjih istraživanja može se istaći da u uslovima povoljnijeg vodnog i toplotnog režima biljke, u celini imaju manji indeks pleva nego u sušnoj godini. Uticaj vremena setve na prinos oljuštenog zrna bio je veoma izražen. Setvom u prvom roku, ostvaren je najveći prinos oljuštenog zrna (3,46 t ha-1). Sa kašnjenjem setve ova vrednost opada, za 4% do 19,7%. Ovaj trend važio je za sve gustine useva i oba nivoa dorade semena. U usevu srednje gustine dobijen je najveći prosečan prinos oljuštenog zrna (3,44 t ha-1), što je posledica najmanjeg stepena mortaliteta izdanaka, kao i optimalnog odnosа broja klasova i broja i mase zrna po klasu...Hexaploid spelt wheat (Triticum spelta L.) occupies an important place in the group of alternative grains, because its biological properties and chemical composition of the seed makes it more and more interesting for production. Consumption of grain products in the diet of people is constantly increasing. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of seeding date, crop density and the processing degree of the used seed (hulled, dehulled) on the phenophase dynamics, morphological characteristics and the yield of spelt variety Nirvana. A threeyear study (2010-2012) was carried out at the experimental field of the “Tamiš” Institute (N 44° 56`, E 20° 43`), on the soil type calcareous chernozem, in an experiment designed by the method of split plots in four replications. Seeding date had a significant impact on the dynamics of the occurrence and duration of phenophases, while the crop density did not express any influence on ontogenesis of winter spelt. The average length of the vegetation period during the research was the highest after seeding on 5th of October (278 days). Seeding on 25th of October that period lasted 261 days, and on 15th of November 240 days. The period from seeding to emergence and from emergence to tillering lasted longer in later seedings, while the phases of tillering, stam elongation and heading to full maturity lasted considerably shorter. Crop density showed the highest impact on the number of emerged plants, number of trees, the tiller mortality, number of spikes, the degree of lodging of stems and harvest index, while the seeding date mostly influenced the plant height and the yield of above-ground biomass. Seeding date and crop density equally affected the number of grains and the grain weight per spike. Average values of husk index varied by seeding date, from 30.11% to 31.39%, and by the crop density from 30.26% to 31.16%. Based on three years of research, it could be pointed out that in the conditions of favorable water and thermal regime plants generally had lower husk index than in a dry year..