Evaluation of the effect of ginger modified cassava starch as thickener in the formulation of water based paint

Raw cassava starch has been used as thickener and binder in the formulation of water based paint, but with a problem of loss of viscosity in a very short period. This study evaluates the modification of cassava starch using active component of ginger extract and its use as a water- based paint thickener. 150 g of starch in 200 mL of water was modified using different concentrations (1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 g) of active components of ginger root and the intrinsic viscosity of the modified starch was investigated. The modified starch was used as thickener in the formulation of water based paint and the results were compared with those of paint produced using unmodified starch and commercial thickener. The Intrinsic viscosities of ginger modified starch (0.2 to 0.4 cp) are greater than that of unmodified starch (0.1 cp). Ginger modified starch also showed high swelling power (9.4 to 14.3) compared to unmodified starch with low swelling power (9.1). It was noticed that preparing of the thicker in its viscoelastic stage gives the best thickening agent and that the samples modified with 10, 20, 30 and 40 g of ginger root were best for thickening agent in the formulation of water based paint.Keywords: Active component of ginger, cassava starch, intrinsic viscosity, swelling power, starch preparation, paint formulationAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(21), pp. 3321-332

TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE EFFLUENT USING TREATED BAGASSE.

This research work is aimed at the investigation of the reduction of concentration of heavy metals from industrial Effluent water using sulphuric and acetic acid treated Bagasse. This was achieved by varying the concentration of the acids between 0.3M - 0.6M. This report discusses the treatment of Bagasse and the methodology of treating the industrial effluent water using the treated Bagasse as an adsorbent. The treated water samples were analysed using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer to determine the concentration of heavy metals present after treatment. The results obtained shows that 0.3M-0.6M sulphuric and acetic treated Bagasse were successful in the reduction of the concentration of heavy metals, with 0.4M-0.5M sulphuric and acetic acid treated Bagasse been the most effective because it has the lowest concentration of heavy metals after treatment and this implies that more active sites were opened for adsorption at this concentration. This research work has proved that treated Bagasse is an effective adsorbent in the reduction of the concentration of heavy metals in industrial effluent water

Process Optimization of the Transesterification Processes of Palm Kernel and Soybean Oils for Lube Oil Synthesis

Palm kernel and soybean oils were used as raw materials to produce lube oils. Their transesterification/conversion processes were investigated for different catalyst-oil concentrations. The optimum conditions for obtaining biolubricants with improved properties were found to be close for both oils. For the palm kernel oil, the maximum conversion of the triglyceride to methyl ester was 98 % at an optimum temperature of 56 oC for catalyst concentration of 0.6, 6:1 methanol-oil ratio and lube oil yield of 92 %, while for soybean oil, the conditions for maximum conversion (95%) of the triglyceride in the soybean oil occurred at 60 oC, for 0.5 catalyst concentration and 6:1 methanol-oil ratio with lube oil yield of 88 %. Furthermore, the PKO gave higher biolube oil yield compared to soybean oil. The addition of ethylene glycol coupled with subsequent blending of the oils with mineral oils helped to modify the products of the second transesterification which resulted in the desired lube oils

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXTRACTION OF PECTIN FROM WET AND DRIED PEELS USING WATER BASED AND MICROWAVE METHODS

This research effort aim at determining the effect of drying on the extraction of pectin from lemon peels. Two methods were used to extract pectin from lemon peels namely: the water base extraction method and the microwave extraction method. These methods were carefully carried out on both the fresh and the dry peels samples. First, the samples were washed, partially dried for the fresh peel and completely dried for the dry peel. Sulphuric acid was used in setting the pH of the solutions to 1, 2 and 3 in the water based extraction method while the use of Ethylene DiamineTetraacetic Acid (EDTA) and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) were used to set the pH to 1.5 and 10 respectively for the microwave extraction method. The solvent systems were then treated with the pectin samples at different times and temperatures to obtain varying results. The effect of time, temperature, pH and solvent systems were then studied and the yields obtained were recorded and compared. The results obtained shows that when a peel is completely dried using sun, it losses some amount of pectin probably due to thermal degradation of the pectin in the albedo resulting in pectin yield becoming small. The result also revealed that increase in acidity, extraction time and temperature increases the yield by a range of 0.01 to 0.50

Recycling Used Lubricating Oil Using Untreated, Activated and Calcined Clay Methods

This study addresses recycling of used lubricating oils treated using different methods involving rmtreated clay as the control sample, clay activation and calcined clay methods. A recycling process of the used lube oil was carried out which eventually led to comparison of results of the recycled oil with the fresh lube oil using ASTM standards. Tests carried out on the used, fresh and recycled lube oils include: flash point, kinematic viscosity at 40 and 100°C, respectively, specific gravity/density, appearance and total base oil. The results show that recycled lubricating oil had the following properties: flash point was 227°C for the calcined clay, 229°C or activated clay and 224°C for nntreated clay, compared with 204°C for nntreated waste oil. Also Ttal Bse Number IBN) gave the followiug: 6.25mg KOHg-' for calcined clay method, 6.24 mg KOH g-' for activated clay and 5.56 mg KOH g-' for uutreated clay method, compared with 4.41 mg KOH g-' for uutreated waste lubricating oil. This gives the recycled lube oil the potential to be reused in car engines after adding the required additive

Kinetics of Base Catalysed Trans-Esterification of Jatropha Oil using Potassium Hydroxide Extract from Ripe Plantain Peels.

Obtaining kinetic data such as the rate constant, reaction order and hence the rate law is key to a good design of reactors in which chemical reactions take place, predicting the mechanisms, rates and extent of these reactions. Temperature and concentration are the most critical of the reaction conditions for homogeneous reactions. Hence the kinetic study of the trans-esterification of jatropha oil in a batch reactor using ethanol in the presence of potassium hydroxide extracted from ripe plantain peels as the base catalyst was carried out. And from the study, it was discovered that as the temperature was raised from 75 to 83 oC, conversion of jatropha oil increased progressively within the time of 1 to 4 hrs. In 1 hr, the conversion value (0.352 mole) at 75 oC, doubled with just 8 oC rise in temperature (at 83 oC) to 0.752 mole. Conversion at 83 oC in 4 hrs Obtaining kinetic data such as the rate constant, reaction order and hence the rate law is key to a good design of reactors in which chemical reactions take place, predicting the mechanisms, rates and extent of these reactions. Temperature and concentration are the most critical of the reaction conditions for homogeneous reactions. Hence the kinetic study of the trans-esterification of jatropha oil in a batch reactor using ethanol in the presence of potassium hydroxide extracted from ripe plantain peels as the base catalyst was carried out. And from the study, it was discovered that as the temperature was raised from 75 to 83 oC, conversion of jatropha oil increased progressively within the time of 1 to 4 hrs. In 1 hr, the conversion value (0.352 mole) at 75 oC, doubled with just 8 oC rise in temperature (at 83 oC) to 0.752 mole. Conversion at 83 oC in 4 hrs recorded the highest value of 0.972 moles. The rate laws (−rA=1.083CA and−rA=CA) at 75 and 83 oC respectively agree with the pseudo first order assumption made that the trans-esterification of crude jatropha oil to its biodiesel was a first order reaction with respect to crude jatropha oil wObtaining kinetic data such as the rate constant, reaction order and hence the rate law is key to a good design of reactors in which chemical reactions take place, predicting the mechanisms, rates and extent of these reactions. Temperature and concentration are the most critical of the reaction conditions for homogeneous reactions. Hence the kinetic study of the trans-esterification of jatropha oil in a batch reactor using ethanol in the presence of potassium hydroxide extracted from ripe plantain peels as the base catalyst was carried out. And from the study, it was discovered that as the temperature was raised from 75 to 83 oC, conversion of jatropha oil increased progressively within the time of 1 to 4 hrs. In 1 hr, the conversion value (0.352 mole) at 75 oC, doubled with just 8 oC rise in temperature (at 83 oC) to 0.752 mole. Conversion at 83 oC in 4 hrs recorded the highest value of 0.972 moles. The rate laws (−rA=1.083CA and−rA=CA) at 75 and 83 oC respectively agree with the pseudo first order assumption made that the trans-esterification of crude jatropha oil to its biodiesel was a first order reaction with respect to crude jatropha oil while keeping the ethyl alcohol in large excesshile keeping the ethyl alcohol in large excessrecorded the highest value of 0.972 moles. The rate laws (−rA=1.083CA and−rA=CA) at 75 and 83 oC respectively agree with the pseudo first order assumption made that the trans-esterification of crude jatropha oil to its biodiesel was a first order reaction with respect to crude jatropha oil while keeping the ethyl alcohol in large exces

A study on the use of plant seed oils, triethanolamine and xylene as flowimprovers of Nigerian waxy crude oil

2016AbstractChemical methods are the most convenient and economical for wax precipitation and deposition prevention. The chemical additives so far inuse have varied limitations, ranging from high cost to limited spread of crude oil that a particular additive can handle. The influence of cheapernatural chemicals, obtained from plant seeds (jatropha – JSO, rubber – RSO and castor – CSO) on the rheological properties and wax depositiontendencies of Nigerian waxy crude oil were investigated. Previously tested synthetic chemical additives (triethanolamine – TEA and xylene) weresimultaneously examined too on the crude oils for comparative study. Four different crude oil samples obtained from Niger Delta region of Nigeriaused for the study were characterized to obtain their hydrocarbon composition, wax content, pour points, viscosities, specific gravity and APIgusing standard methods. The rheological properties such as apparent viscosity, plastic viscosity, yield stress were determined for the crude oilsdoped and undoped with the chemical additives using Fann V-G Standard Viscometer. The results obtained revealed that oils from the three seedscould be used as flow improvers and pour depressants for Nigerian waxy crude oil. Jatropha and castor seed oils depressed the pour point than thepreviously investigated triethanolamine. They are capable of depressing the pour point up to about 17◦C, and they can also reduce the viscosity ofthe waxy crude oil appreciably within 0.1–0.3% (v/v) dosage concentration. Also, CSO could exhibit as high as 77.7% paraffin inhibition efficiency(PIE) and JSO 73.5% at low concentration of doping

Preliminary Assessment on the Effect of Bentonite and Ibeshe Clay on Bleaching of Rubber (Hevea Brasiliensis) Seed Oil

Rubber seed though not common known is very rich in its oil yield and over time its importance is becoming more prominent. Bleaching in the natural sense is relative to the removal of impurities from the oil or material. In this research work, Rubber seed oil was bleached using bentonite clay and Ibeshe clay at 0.5M, 1M and 2M concentrations of Hydrochloric acid. Physiochemical properties as well as spectroscopic analysis such as FT-IR and XRD analysis were carried out and aided in obtaining the bleaching efficiency of both clays. The FT-IR results displayed a visible change in the oil after it was bleached with Ibeshe clay but still retained most its functional group when bleached with bentonite clay. At 2M concentration of the acid, the oil bleached with bentonite showed 53% while with Ibeshe clay it remained at 16%. This summarizes that Ibeshe clay has little to no effect on bleaching performanc

Oxirane Ring Opening of Rubber (Hevea Brasiliensis) Seed Oil by Perfomic Acid

Studies on the epoxidation of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed oil, a renewable source with formic acid was performed in the presence of 30% hydrogen peroxide at a of temperature 40, 50,60,70 oC. The process is favoured by an increase in temperature forming a product with high oxirane content which is as a result of mole ratios of formic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Products of high oxirane content are commercialy viable in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Natural rubber and other products can be obtained from this in- situ technique. Studies in this research shows that the rate of epoxidation increases with an increase in temperature.Oxirane values of 2.30, 3.62 and 4.73 for the various temperature. However high oxirane content of 6.22 was obtained at 70 oC which is in line with literature. FTIR analysis was also carried out on the epoxidized rubber seed oil which shows the peaks of oxirane cleavage

OriginalA study of the effects of phenolic de-emulsifier solutions in xylene on thede-emulsification of a Nigerian crude oil emulsion

The research and development of de-emulsifiers for separating water from crude oil emulsions usually result in varying degrees of success,depending on the location and the type of crude being treated. This makes de-emulsifiers crude oil specific and thus gives rise to the continuoussearch for more and effective de-emulsifiers that can meet the specific needs of each locality. In this study, base-catalyzed phenol formaldehyderesins were formulated at varying formaldehyde to phenol ratios (1.2:1–1.8:1); the assessment was carried out by the bottle test method at variedde-emulsifier concentrations (vol/vol) in xylene acting as solvent diluent. The bottle test was carried out at an optimum temperature of 70◦C, dosageof 50 ppm and residence times of 10 and 20 min. A factorial design was done to determine the best combination of the de-emulsification conditionsfor the resolution of the Nigerian crude oil emulsion. The results were analyzed and optimized using Minitab 16 utilizing a Pareto chart, normaleffects, main effects and interaction plots. From the analysis carried out, it was found that the most effective formulated de-emulsifier was obtainedat formaldehyde to phenol (F:P) mole ratio of 1.8:1, 80% de-emulsifier concentration in xylene and residence time of 20 min. This de-emulsifierobtained a water separation efficiency of 79% compared to the commercial de-emulsifier which gave 71% efficiency. Thus the solution of P:Fde-emulsifiers in xylene enhances the de-emulsification of the Nigerian crude oil emulsions