A bird's eye view on the use of electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: Current state-of-the-art, emerging directions and future trends

Tissue engineering aims to develop therapeutic products that utilize a combination of scaffolds with viable cell systems or responsive biomolecules derived from such cells, for the repair, restoration/regeneration of tissues. Here, the main goal is to enable the body to heal itself by the introduction of electrospun scaffolds, such that the body recognizes them as its own and in turn uses them to regenerate "neo-native" functional tissues. During the last decade, innovative nanofibrous scaffolds have attracted substantial interest in bone tissue engineering. The electrospinning process makes it possible to fabricate appropriate scaffolds for bone tissue engineering from different categories of nanobiomaterials having the ability of controlled delivery of drugs in the defective tissues. It is expected that with the progress in science and technology, better bone constructs will be proposed in the future. This review discusses the innovative approaches into electrospinning techniques for the fabrication of nanofibrous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. © 2016 Elsevier Inc

Electrospinning for tissue engineering applications

Tissue engineering makes use of the principles of medicine, biology and engineering and integrates them into the design of biological substitutes to restore, maintain and improve the functions of tissue. To fabricate a functional tissue, the engineered structures have to be able to mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM), provide the tissue with oxygen and nutrient circulation as well as remove metabolic wastes in the period of tissue regeneration. Continued efforts have been made in order to fabricate advanced functional three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering. Electrospinning has been recognized and served as one of the most useful techniques based on the resemblance between electrospun fibers and the native tissues. Over the past few decades, a bewildering variety of nanofibrous scaffolds have been developed for various biomedical applications, such as tissue regeneration and therapeutic agent delivery. The present review aims to provide with researchers an in-depth understanding of the promising role and the practical region of applicability of electrospinning in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine by highlighting the outcomes of the most recent studies performed in this field. We address the current strategies used for improving the physicochemical interactions between the cells and the nanofibrous surface. We also discuss the progress and challenges associated with the use of electrospinning for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. © 2020 Elsevier Lt