18～19世紀における ロンドンの貧民とワークハウス -セント・アンドルー・アンダーシャフト教区の場合-

近世以降に多数設立されるワークハウスという施設は,イギリスの貧民政策にとって極めて重要な制度であった。だが,そうした施設の活動実態等についての具体的研究は,これまであまり試みられてこなかったと言える。本稿では,ロンドンのセント・アンドルー・アンダーシャフト教区のワークハウスに関して,その『委員会議事録』を史料として,設立当初の活動と1834年の救貧法改正後の動きについての個別研究を試みている。特に,ワークハウスの設立目的とされる院外救済の制限が実際に実現されていたかどうかに着目して,設立当初と100年後の状況を比較検証している

The Making of the Discourse on the Poor - Pamphlets concerning the poor in 17th century England -

The problem of the poor was so serious in seventeenth century England thatmany authors published their pamphlets arguing the solution. Among thosepamphlets, the writings concerning employment of the poor written by M. S.and T. L. are to be examined first in this article, after treating some authors\u27classification of the poor. And Cornelis-son\u27s pamphlet on a commune for thepoor is to be discussed second. And Winstanly\u27s declaration of settIement oncommon land by the poor wiII be argued last. The purpose of this article isto make c1ear some parts of arguments over the poor in seventeenthcentury England

Phase 1b study of pembrolizumab (MK-3475; anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody) in Japanese patients with advanced melanoma (KEYNOTE-041)

PurposeThis phase I b study evaluated the safety and anti-tumor activity of pembrolizumab in Japanese patients with advanced melanoma.MethodsPembrolizumab (2 mg/kg) was given every 3 weeks (Q3W) for up to 2 years or until confirmed progression or unacceptable toxicity. The tumor response was assessed as per the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1 (RECIST v1.1) by both investigator review and central review.ResultsForty-two patients with advanced melanoma received pembrolizumab. A primary cutaneous histology was observed in 34 patients (81.0%), while a primary mucosal histology was observed in 8 patients (19.0%). Thirty-four patients (81.0%) experienced treatment-related adverse events (AEs). The most common treatment-related AEs were pruritus, maculopapular rash, malaise, and hypothyroidism. Grade 3–5 treatment-related AEs occurred in 8 patients (19.0%). The only grade 3–5 treatment-related AE reported in at least two patients was anemia. There were two treatment-related deaths (unknown cause and cerebral hemorrhage). Among the 37 evaluable patients, the confirmed overall response rates (ORRs) determined by central review were 24.1% (95% CI 10.3–43.5) for cutaneous melanoma and 25.0% (95% CI 3.2–65.1) for mucosal melanoma. The responses were durable, and the median duration of response was not reached in either population. The median overall survival (OS) was not reached, with a 12-month OS of 82.7% for cutaneous melanoma and 51.4% for mucosal melanoma.ConclusionThe safety profile of pembrolizumab in Japanese patients was similar to that reported in the previous clinical studies. Pembrolizumab provided promising anti-tumor activity in Japanese patients with advanced melanoma

Alkaloids, Diarylheptanoid and Naphthalene Carboxylic Acid Ester from Rhoiptelea chiliantha

Two pyrrolidine alkaloids (1, 2) were isolated from the fruits of Rhoiptelea chiliantha DIEL et HAND.-MAZZ. (Rhoipteleaceae). A diphenyl ether-type diarylheptanoid (3), and a naphthalene carboxylic acid methyl ester (4) which is biogenetically-related to juglone were isolated from the branches of the same plant. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemical evidence