1H-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and its role in predicting neurodevelopmental impairment in preterm neonates: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives To assess the diagnostic utility of proton (1H) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in early diagnosis of neurodevelopmental impairment in preterm newborns. Methods Systematic review and meta-analysis performed in compliance with the PRISMA statements. Eligible articles were searched in MEDLINE, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science databases using the following medical subject headings and terms: “magnetic resonance spectroscopy”, “infant”, and “newborn”. Studies of any design published until December 20th, 2021 and fulfilling the following criteria were selected: 1) studies including newborns with gestational age at birth <37 weeks which underwent at least one 1H-MRS scan within 52 weeks’ postmenstrual age and neurodevelopmental assessment within 4 years of age; 2) studies in which preterm newborns with congenital infections, genetic disorders, and brain congenital anomalies were clearly excluded. Data regarding the relationship between metabolite ratios in basal ganglia, thalamus, and white matter, and neurodevelopment were analysed. The quality assessment of included studies was performed according to the criteria from the QUADAS-2. Results N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/choline (Cho) was the most studied metabolite ratio. Lower NAA/Cho ratio in basal ganglia and thalamus was associated with adverse motor, cognitive, and language outcomes, and worse global neurodevelopment. Lower NAA/Cho ratio in white matter was associated with cognitive impairment. However, some associations came from single studies or were discordant among studies. The quality of included studies was low. Conclusion 1H-MRS could be a promising tool for early diagnosis of neurodevelopmental impairment. However, further studies of good quality are needed to define the relationship between metabolite ratios and neurodevelopmen

Contribution of right hemisphere to visual imagery: A visual working memory impairment?

Visual Imagery is the ability to generate mental images in the absence of perception, that is, "seeing with the mind's eye." We describe a patient, IM, who suffered from an acute ischemic stroke in the right anterior choroidal artery who appeared to demonstrate relatively isolated impairment in visual imagery. Her cognitive function, including her performance on tests of semantic function, was at ceiling, apart from a deficit in visual memory. IM failed in tasks involving degraded stimuli, object decision involving reality judgments on normal animals. and drawings from memory. By contrast, site was able to match objects seen from an unfamiliar viewpoint and to perform tasks of semantic and visual association. We hypothesize that IM has a visual working memory deficit that impairs her ability to generate full visual representations of objects given their names, individual feature, or partial representations. The deficit appears to be the result of damage to connections between the right thalamus and the right temporal lobe. Our findings may help to clarify the role of the thalamus in the cortical selective engagement processes that underlie working memory