Effects of cold rolling (CR) and annealing time on microstructure and mechanical properties of AA 5052 aluminum alloy

In this paper, the influences of cold rolling and annealing time on the microstructure and mechanical behaviors of AA 5052 aluminum alloy were investigated. An aluminum sheet was cold-rolled at room temperature at 15, 30, and 45 % rolling reduction. The 45 % cold-rolled sample was subsequently annealed at 370 °C for 2, 4, and 6 h. The microstructure was observed using optical microscopy whereas the mechanical behaviors were evaluated through hardness and tensile tests. It was found that the equiaxed grains are severely elongated along the rolling direction with increased rolling reduction. The hardness and strength increase significantly with an increase of rolling reduction but the ductility decreases. The annealing treatment reduces hardness and strength but improves the ductility

Effects of cold rolling (CR) and annealing time on microstructure and mechanical properties of AA 5052 aluminum alloy

In this paper, the influences of cold rolling and annealing time on the microstructure and mechanical behaviors of AA 5052 aluminum alloy were investigated. An aluminum sheet was cold-rolled at room temperature at 15, 30, and 45 % rolling reduction. The 45 % cold-rolled sample was subsequently annealed at 370 °C for 2, 4, and 6 h. The microstructure was observed using optical microscopy whereas the mechanical behaviors were evaluated through hardness and tensile tests. It was found that the equiaxed grains are severely elongated along the rolling direction with increased rolling reduction. The hardness and strength increase significantly with an increase of rolling reduction but the ductility decreases. The annealing treatment reduces hardness and strength but improves the ductility

Analisis Sikap Konsumen terhadap Atribut Sabun Mandi Biasa di Kota YOGYAKARTA (Studi pada Merek Lux dan Giv)

The study has as its rationale the fact that there are numerous brands of bath soap in the market. The changes of consumer behavior, which influenced by the economy crisis occurred in Indonesia, has suppressed the producers to readjust their marketing programs. It is crucial for the firms to recognize the consumer attitudes on their products in making their marketing programs. The study was aimed at understanding: (1) the consumer attitudes on the bath soaps' (i.e., Lux and Giv brands) attributes, (2) the influence of the consumer's social environment toward the subjective norm in making the purchasing decision on the Lux and Giv, (3) the differential of consumers attitudes on the Lux and Giv. Interview and questionnaire were used to collect data, by using the semantic differential scale method. Fishbein model and Wilcoxon's signed rank test were applied to test the study's results. Results of the study showed that: (1) there was a positive attitude of consumer on both the Lux and Giv. “Aroma”, whereas “prestige” had the lowest positive score for the Giv; (2) the consumer's social environment influenced the subjective norms of consumer in making the purchasing decision of the Lux and Giv. “Family members” was the dominant variable of both the Lux and Giv; (3) there were the differences in the consumer attitude between the Lux and Giv brands. By the differential test for each attribute, then, it was showed that there were the significant differences in the consumer attitude on the product's attributes, except for the “packaging”. Based on the study results and empirical evidences supported by the statistical testing, it is showed that the two bath soap brands have dominate the consumer's mind. Nevertheless, in making their purchasing decision, the consumers have the difference attitudes in assesing those two brands depends on their desires

Analisis Sikap Konsumen terhadap Atribut Sabun Mandi Biasa di Kota Yogyakarta

The study has as its rationale the fact that there are numerous brands of bath soap in the market. The changes of consumer behavior, which influenced by the economy crisis occurred in Indonesia, has suppressed the producers to readjust their marketing programs. It is crucial for the firms to recognize the consumer attitudes on their products in making their marketing programs. The study was aimed at understanding: (1) the consumer attitudes on the bath soaps (i.e., Lux and Giv brands) attributes, (2) the influence of the consumers social environment toward the subjective norm in making the purchasing decision on the Lux and Giv, (3) the differential of consumers attitudes on the Lux and Giv. Interview and questionnaire were used to collect data, by using the semantic differential scale method. Fishbein model and Wilcoxons signed rank test were applied to test the studys results. Results of the study showed that: (1) there was a positive attitude of consumer on both the Lux and Giv. Aroma, whereas prestige had the lowest positive score for the Giv; (2) the consumers social environment influenced the subjective norms of consumer in making the purchasing decision of the Lux and Giv. Family members was the dominant variable of both the Lux and Giv; (3) there were the differences in the consumer attitude between the Lux and Giv brands. By the differential test for each attribute, then, it was showed that there were the significant differences in the consumer attitude on the products attributes, except for the packaging. Based on the study results and empirical evidences supported by the statistical testing, it is showed that the two bath soap brands have dominate the consumers mind. Nevertheless, in making their purchasing decision, the consumers have the difference attitudes in assesing those two brands depends on their desires. Keywords : consumer behavior, bath soap attribute

The Effect of Packaging, Satisfaction and Image on Customer Loyalty of the El Rayhan Company

This study is aimed at investigating the effect of packaging, satisfaction, and image on customer loyalty to The El Rayhan Company, Libya. The questionnaires are employed to collect the data. The resultreveals that packaging has a positive effect on customer loyalty. Moreover, satisfaction and image affect directly on customer loyalty. However, the highest effect in this study is the packaging effect on customer loyalty

Periode Piutang, Periode Persediaan, Periode Utang terhadap Profitabilitas dan Nilai Perusahaan pada Perusahaan Industri Barang Konsumsi di Bursa Efek Indonesia

Perusahaan sektor industri barang konsumsi di Indonesia cenderung meningkatkan penggunaan modal kerjanya pada tahun 2009-2013. Umumnya, adanya peningkatan profitabilitas karena adanya efisiensi manajemen modal kerja, maka peningkatan profitabilitas tersebut juga meningkatkan nilai Perusahaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh langsung periode piutang, periode persediaan, periode utang terhadap profitabilitas dan nilai Perusahaan. Selain itu, pengaruh tidak langsung terhadap nilai Perusahaan melalui profitabilitas juga diteliti. Sebanyak 23 Perusahaan sektor industri barang konsumsi yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia digunakan dalam penelitian sebagai populasi dan sampel. Analisis jalur digunakan sebagai metode analisis data. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa peningkatan periode piutang dan periode utang dapat meningkatkan profitabilitas Perusahaan. Penurunan periode piutang dan periode persediaan serta peningkatan periode utang akan meningkatkan nilai Perusahaan. Profitabilitas tidak memediasi pengaruh periode piutang, periode persediaan, periode utang terhadap nilai Perusahaan. Disimpulkan bahwa Perusahaan dapat meningkatkan penggunaan jumlah modal kerjanya selama peningkatan modal kerjanya tidak melebihi pertumbuhan penjualannya dan likuiditas menjadi penilaian utama bagi investor

Availability and Co-Substrate Potential of Typha latifolia for Biogas Production in Funtua, Katsina State, Nigeria

In order to reduce global warming through fossil fuel utilization, biogas production from biodegradable biomass seems a sustainable alternative. This study evaluated the availability and co-substrate potential of T. latifolia for biogas production in Funtua, Katsina State Nigeria. A purposive sampling technique was used in selecting the wards that were used for this study. A 1204 metres transect was used for 32 quadrats; 19 of these were laid on the 953m contiguous land area at intervals of 50m; 9 quadrats covered 450m, 5 quadrats were on 250m, 3 on 153m, and 2 on 100m. The remaining 13 transects were laid on the 251m un-contiguous patches. Coordinates of various potentials sites were recorded using Global positioning system. There were an average of 27 T. latifolia stands per m2. A total of 32,388 of T. latifolia stands were recorded in the study area; Dukke ward (23,968), Makera (8,205) and Maska 216. T. latifolia is available in lqrge quantities, and a potential co substrate in anaerobic digestion for biogas production in Funtua. It is recommended that the study should be replicated in time later to establish a trend of the T. latifolia species in terms of population

Analog black holes in flowing dielectrics

We show that a flowing dielectric medium with a linear response to an external electric field can be used to generate an analog geometry that has many of the formal properties of a Schwarzschild black hole for light rays, in spite of birefringence. We also discuss the possibility of generating these analog black holes in the laboratory.Comment: Revtex4 file, 7 pages, 4 eps figures, a few changes in presentation, some references added, conclusions unchange

Praktik Baik Desa dalam Implementasi Undang-Undang Desa

Keberadaan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa menyediakan lebih banyak ruang dan otoritas kepada desa untuk lebih mandiri. Setelah pemerintah mensahkan undang-undang tersebut, setiap desa di Indonesia kini diharapkan mampu mengelola dan mengembangkan potensi yang mereka miliki. Sebagai unit dari sebuah komunitas hukum, Undang-Undang Desa memposisikan desa sebagai sebuah organisasi campuran (hybrid) antara komunitas berpemerintahan (self-governing communities) dan pemerintahan lokal (local self-government). Keberadaan peraturan ini membuat model penyelenggaraan pemerintahan desa berbeda dari penyelenggaraan pemerintahan lainnya. Oleh karena itu, PATTIRO menilai, mengetahui dan mempelajari berbagai praktik baik penerapan Undang-Undang Desa di berbagai desa di Indonesia penting dan menarik untuk dilakukan. Untuk itulah, berkat dukungan dari International Development Study (IDS) dan Making All Voices Count (MAVC), PATTIRO berhasil menyelesaikan sebuah penelitian kualitatif yang bertujuan mendokumentasikan berbagai praktik baik di desa, baik sebelum maupun sesudah pengesahan Undang-Undang Desa. Dari hasil penelitian tersebut, PATTIRO kemudian akan merumuskan berbagai rekomendasi bagi para pembuat kebijakan untuk mengembangkan dan memperbaiki kebijakan-kebijakan mengenai desa. Beberapa isu yang menjadi fokus penelitian PATTIRO antara lain pemerintahan desa, aset dan keuangan desa, partisipasi masyarakat desa, desa adat, dan Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUM Desa)

The microscale obstacle-resolving meteorological model MITRAS v2.0: model theory

This paper describes the developing theory and underlying processes of the microscale obstacle-resolving model MITRAS version 2. MITRAS calculates wind, temperature, humidity, and precipitation fields, as well as transport within the obstacle layer using Reynolds averaging. It explicitly resolves obstacles, including buildings and overhanging obstacles, to consider their aerodynamic and thermodynamic effects. Buildings are represented by impermeable grid cells at the building positions so that the wind speed vanishes in these grid cells. Wall functions are used to calculate appropriate turbulent fluxes. Most exchange processes at the obstacle surfaces are considered in MITRAS, including turbulent and radiative processes, in order to obtain an accurate surface temperature. MITRAS is also able to simulate the effect of wind turbines. They are parameterized using the actuator-disk concept to account for the reduction in wind speed. The turbulence generation in the wake of a wind turbine is parameterized by adding an additional part to the turbulence mechanical production term in the turbulent kinetic energy equation. Effects of trees are considered explicitly, including the wind speed reduction, turbulence production, and dissipation due to drag forces from plant foliage elements, as well as the radiation absorption and shading. The paper provides not only documentation of the model dynamics and numerical framework but also a solid foundation for future microscale model extensions.</p