The distribution of pairwise peculiar velocities in the nonlinear regime

The distribution of pairwise, relative peculiar velocities, $f(u;r)$, on small nonlinear scales, $r$, is derived from the Press--Schechter approach. This derivation assumes that Press--Schechter clumps are virialized and isothermal. The virialized assumption requires that the circular velocity, $V_c \propto M^{1/3}$, where $M$ denotes the mass of the clump. The isothermal assumption means that the circular velocity is independent of radius. Further, it is assumed that the velocity distribution within a clump is Maxwellian, that the pairwise relative velocity distribution is isotropic, and that on nonlinear scales clump-clump motions are unimportant when calculating the distribution of velocity differences. Comparison with $N$-body simulations shows that, on small nonlinear scales, all these assumptions are accurate. For most power spectra of interest, the resulting line of sight, pairwise, relative velocity distribution, $f(u_{\rm r})$, is well approximated by an exponential, rather than a Gaussian distribution. This simple Press--Schechter model is also able to provide a natural explanation for the observed, non-Maxwellian shape of $f(v)$, the distribution of peculiar velocities.Comment: (MNRAS, in press) 16 pages, uuencode

Texture Analysis and Classification Based on Fuzzy Triangular Greylevel Pattern and Run-Length Features

Your Texture analysis is one of the most important techniques used in the analysis and interpretation of images, consisting of repetition or quasi repetition of some fundamental image elements. The present paper derived Fuzzy Triangular Greylevel Pattern (FTGP) to overcome the disadvantages of LBP and other local approaches. The FTGP is a 2 x 2 matrix that is derived from a 3 x 3 neighborhood matrix. The proposed FTGP scheme reduces the overall dimension of the image while preserving the significant attributes, primitives, and properties of the local texture. From each 3 x 3 matrix a Local Grey level Matrix (LGM) is formed by subtracting local neighborhoods by the gray value of its center. The 2 x 2 FTGP is generated from LGM by taking the average value of the Triangular Neighbor Pixels (TNP) of the 3 x 3 LGM. A fuzzy logic is applied to convert the Triangular Neighborhood Matrix (TNM) in to fuzzy patterns with 5 values {0, 1, 2, 3 and 4} instead of patterns of LBP which has two values {0, 1}. On these fuzzy patterns a set of Run Length features are evaluated for an efficient classification. The proposed method is experimented with wide variety of textures, and exhibited with a high classification rate. The proposed FTGP with run length features shown its supremacy and efficacy over the various existing methods in classification of textures

Output feedback invariants

The paper is concerned with the problem of determining a complete set of invariants for output feedback. Using tools from geometric invariant theory it is shown that there exists a quasi-projective variety whose points parameterize the output feedback orbits in a unique way. If the McMillan degree n ≥ mp, the product of the number of inputs and number of outputs, then it is shown that in the closure of every feedback orbit there is exactly one nondegenerate system

Nanoemulsions for drug delivery through different routes

Utilising nanoemulsions as vehicles for carrying active pharmaceutical ingredients is emerging as a promising approach for the latters’ targeted delivery. For drug molecules to be clinically effective, their administration by a route, which provides a proper channel for them to reach their target, is of prime importance. Further, they also need to be suitably protected in the biological milieu till they are delivered to the required site of action. Nanoemulsions with a mean droplet diameter of about 20-200 nm are extremely versatile in this regard. Due to their characteristic size and properties, which includes kinetic stability, they are very effective in enveloping and/or solubilising the drugs and successfully chaperoning them towards suitable targets. They also cause the drugs to be released  in controlled and sustained modes, thereby reducing drug toxicity and dumping. Additionally, depending on the physiochemical properties of the drugs, nanoemulsions can be structurally engineered to maximize their solubilisation as per the required route of delivery, which is heavily dependent on the drug structure. Effective targeting can be achieved by incorporating suitable homing molecules on their surface, which in turn  recognize and bind to specific receptors on the target molecules. This review focuses on the different routes by which drug loaded  nanoemulsions can be administered, thus throwing light on the versatility of these vehicles for therapeutic and other related applications

Efficient Handwritten Digit Classification using User-defined Classification Algorithm

In automatic numeral digit recognition system, feature selection is most important factor for achieving high recognition performance. To achieve this, the present paper proposed system for isolated handwritten numeral recognition using number of contours, skeleton features, Number of watersheds, and ratio between the numbers of foreground pixels in upper half part and lower half-part of the numerical digit image. Based on these features the present paper designed user-defined classification algorithm for handwritten digit recognition. To find the effectiveness of the proposed features, these features are given as an input for standard classification algorithms like k–nearest neighbor classifier, Support Vector Machines and other classification algorithms and evaluate the results.  The experimental result proves that the proposed features are well suited for handwritten digit recognition for both user and standard classification algorithms. The novelty of the proposed method is size invariant

Starting A Peripheral Nerve Surgery Unit in an Area of Limited Resources - Our Experience

Dedicated peripheral nerve surgery centers are few in developing countries where majority of affected patients either remain untreated or are simply palliated with just physiotherapy. In this chapter, we review our experience with surgery for peripheral nerve lesions and peripheral nerve injuries over a 5-year period. A total of 68 procedures were carried out for 58 patients with various peripheral nerve lesions and injuries. Among the 19 surgeries for adult brachial plexus injuries, 10 were for pan-brachial plexus injury, 2 procedures for lower brachial plexus injuries, and 7 procedures for upper brachial plexus injury, while 11 repair surgeries were done for pediatric brachial plexus injuries. The remaining 38 surgeries included 21 peripheral nerve sheath tumor excisions, 5 ablative procedures for chronic neuralgia, 8 procedures for non-carpal tunnel peripheral nerve entrapments, and 4 adults with upper or lower limb isolated nerve injury repairs. The patients were followed up between 6 months and 2 years post-surgery for functional outcome assessment. Overall, as many as 57.5% of the patients had significant neurologic improvement noticed at 2 years of follow-up. Despite its challenges, optimal outcomes following surgery are still possible for patients with nerve injuries, entrapments, and nerve tumors in developing countrie

Personalized Web Search Using Browsing History and Domain Knowledge Based on Enhanced User Profile

Generic search engines are important for retrieving relevant information from web. However these engines follow the "one size fits all" model which is not adaptable to individual users. Personalized web search is an important field for tuning the traditional IR system for focused information retrieval. This paper is an attempt to improve personalized web search. User's Profile provides an important input for performing personalized web search. This paper proposes a framework for constructing an Enhanced User Profile by using user's browsing history and enriching it using domain knowledge. This Enhanced User Profile can be used for improving the performance of personalized web search. In this paper we have used the Enhanced User Profile specifically for suggesting relevant pages to the user. The experimental results show that the suggestions provided to the user using Enhanced User Profile ae better than those obtained by using a User Profile

Forecasting precipitation over Delhi during the south-west monsoon season

The south-west monsoon (June-September) is the major rainy season over India. Information about the occurrence of precipitation and the expected quantity at a specific place is important in many sectors of human activity. In this study, objective methods are developed to forecast the probability of precipitation (POP) and provide the quantity of precipitation forecast (QPF) over Delhi. As the onset of the monsoon at Delhi is around 30 June, the models are developed for the months of July, August and September (JAS) using surface and upper-air data for the period 1985-90 and tested with data from JAS for 1994 and 1995. A multiple linear regression equation is developed to forecast the POP and multiple discriminant analysis is used to produce the QPF in terms of one of four groups (0.1-1.0; 1.1-10.0; 10.1-30.0; and ≥30.1 mm). The QPF model is used only if precipitation is expected to occur (the POP forecast is turned into a categorical forecast). The categorical forecasts based on the POP exhibit positive skill scores consistently with both the development and independent data sets. The model for QPF also performed satisfactorily

Longevity of Azotobacter cysts and a model for optimization of cyst density in liquid bioinoculants

Species of Azotobacter are known to form heat and desiccation-resistant cysts that have a long life span. Recently this property has been used to prepare nitrogen-fixing liquid bioinoculants useful for a variety of crops. The survival of Azotobacter cysts were determined in a liquid medium in order to estimate the shelf-life of a liquid cyst bioinoculant. A negative exponential model was fitted to the survivorship curve. The death rate increased with the initial density of cysts and ranged from 0.02 to 0.05 per month. The nitrogen-fixing ability dropped after two years. It was concluded that the shelf-life of cyst bioinoculants should be decided by the nitrogen-fixing ability rather than cyst survival. Based on the derived kinetics a model for optimization of cyst density in Azotobacter cyst-based liquid bioinoculants is proposed

Computer-aided Reverse Engineering for Rapid Replacement of Parts

Indigenous product development using conventional means involves a relatively long leadtime and cost, especially for replacing worn out and broken parts. This paper presentsmethodologies and technologies for computer-aided reverse engineering, illustrated by a reallifecase study of an aluminium alloy separator body of a hydraulic filter assembly for the specialarmy vehicle. It involved reconstruction of part geometry using 3-D scanning, materialidentification using spectrometry, casting process optimisation using simulation software, andfabrication of prototype and tooling using rapid prototyping systems. It was found that thefabrication of wax patterns directly from reverse-engineered CAD data in a suitable rapidprototyping system (such as thermojet), followed by conventional investment casting, gives areliable and economic route for rapid development of one-off intricate parts for the replacementpurpose