55 research outputs found

    High-Resolution X-Ray Reflectivity Study of Thin Layered Pt-Electrodes for Integrated Ferroelectric Devices

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    The structural interface properties of layered Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si electrodes have been investigated using high-resolution specular and diffuse x-ray reflectivity under grazing angles. Currently this multilayer system represents a technological standard as bottom electrodes for ferroelectric thin film applications. For the electronic and ferroelectric properties of integrated devices, the film-electrode interface is of crucial importance. We focused on Pt-100nm/Ti-10nm/SiO2/Si electrodes prepared under annealing conditions as employed in industrial processing, prior to the deposition of ferroelectric films. The comparison between annealed and non-annealed electrodes clearly revealed strong interfacial effects due to interdiffusion and oxidation of Ti, especially at the Pt-Ti interface. Migration of Ti into the Pt-layer results in a clear shift of the critical angle due to enclosure of TiO(2-x) within the Pt-layer. The heterogeneous distribution of TiO(2-x) suggests a diffusion mechanism mainly along the Pt-grain boundaries. At the SiO2 interface a relatively weakly oxidized, remaining Ti-layer of 20 Angstroem could be found, which is most probably correlated with the remaining adhesion to the substrate.Comment: presented at the X-TOP Conference on High-Resolution X-ray Diffraction and Topography (Sept.13-15 2000), submitted to Journal of Physics D: Applied Physic

    Методы добычи сланцевого газа и их воздействие на окружающую среду

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    We have studied GaAs/AlGaAs- and GaAs/AlAs-samples grown by molecular beam epitaxy by X-ray scattering under grazing angles to investigate surface and interface roughness. We discuss the reliability of buried interface roughnesses derived from fits to specular reflectivity by means of a sample series grown at substrate temperatures from 605 to 685°C. Even for samples of high perfection no abrupt interfaces were found. We have applied this method to the problem of growth-induced roughening of GaAs- and AlAs-layers. Sample series with increasing film thickness between 50 and 2000 Å for AlAs and 5000 Å for GaAs have been investigated. We observe roughening which in the case of AlAs does not follow a power law expected within the framework of kinetic roughening theory. However, for GaAs the data can be described by a very small growth exponent β = 0.11 ± 0.03

    Linear theory of unstable growth on rough surfaces

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    Unstable homoepitaxy on rough substrates is treated within a linear continuum theory. The time dependence of the surface width W(t)W(t) is governed by three length scales: The characteristic scale l0l_0 of the substrate roughness, the terrace size lDl_D and the Ehrlich-Schwoebel length lESl_{ES}. If lESlDl_{ES} \ll l_D (weak step edge barriers) and l0lmlDlD/lESl_0 \ll l_m \sim l_D \sqrt{l_D/l_{ES}}, then W(t)W(t) displays a minimum at a coverage θmin(lD/lES)2\theta_{\rm min} \sim (l_D/l_{ES})^2, where the initial surface width is reduced by a factor l0/lml_0/l_m. The r\^{o}le of deposition and diffusion noise is analyzed. The results are applied to recent experiments on the growth of InAs buffer layers [M.F. Gyure {\em et al.}, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 81}, 4931 (1998)]. The overall features of the observed roughness evolution are captured by the linear theory, but the detailed time dependence shows distinct deviations which suggest a significant influence of nonlinearities

    Nonmonotonic roughness evolution in unstable growth

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    The roughness of vapor-deposited thin films can display a nonmonotonic dependence on film thickness, if the smoothening of the small-scale features of the substrate dominates over growth-induced roughening in the early stage of evolution. We present a detailed analysis of this phenomenon in the framework of the continuum theory of unstable homoepitaxy. Using the spherical approximation of phase ordering kinetics, the effect of nonlinearities and noise can be treated explicitly. The substrate roughness is characterized by the dimensionless parameter Q=W0/(k0a2)Q = W_0/(k_0 a^2), where W0W_0 denotes the roughness amplitude, k0k_0 is the small scale cutoff wavenumber of the roughness spectrum, and aa is the lattice constant. Depending on QQ, the diffusion length lDl_D and the Ehrlich-Schwoebel length lESl_{ES}, five regimes are identified in which the position of the roughness minimum is determined by different physical mechanisms. The analytic estimates are compared by numerical simulations of the full nonlinear evolution equation.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures, to appear on Phys. Rev.

    Charakterisierung epitaktischer GaAs/AlGaAs-Schichtsysteme mittels Streuung harter Röntgenstrahlen unter streifendem Einfall sowie Röntgenbeugung

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    In dieser Arbeit wurden mittels Molekularstrahlepitaxie hergestellte GaAs/AlAs- bzw. Al0.7_{0.7}Ga0.3_{0.3}As-Schichtsysteme sowie das darauf befindliche Oxid durch den teilweise kombinierten Einsatz verschiedener Röntgenstreuverfahren zerstörungsfrei charakterisiert. Dabei handelte es sich um spiegelnde Reflexion und diffuse Streuung unter streifendem Einfall sowie Röntgenbeugung und Absorptionsspektroskopie. Es wurden Schichtdicken, chemische Zusammensetzungen, vertikale und laterale Grenzflächenrauhigkeiten sowie die Dichten der Oxide und die kristalline Qualität der epitaktischen Schichten bestimmt bzw. abgeschätzt. Um den Einfluß systematischer Fehler zu überprüfen, wurden die Proben darüber hinaus mit einer Reihe unabhängiger Methoden charakterisiert; dabei wurde im wesentlichen eine gute Übereinstimmung bzw. Korrelation der Ergebnisse festgestellt. Im einzelnen ergaben sich folgende methodische Aspekte: Es wurde gezeigt, daß die spiegelnde Reflektivität unter streifendem Einfall sehr empfindlich auf die vertikale Rauhigkeit äußerer und innerer Grenzflächen ist. Insbesondere konnte die Rauhigkeit innerer Grenzflächen getrennt bestimmt werden, sofern sehr unterschiedliche Schichtdicken vorhanden waren. Dies wurde erfolgreich benutzt, um die Übergangsbreiten normaler und invertierter Grenzflächen in Abhängigkeit von der Substrattemperatur quantitativ zu ermitteln. Dabei erwies sich das Rauhigkeitsmodell von Névot und Croce als geeignet zur Beschreibung von Meßkurven über mehr als 6 Größenordnungen. Es stellte sich heraus, daß eine dünne Oxidschicht auf den Proben die Reflektivität unterhalb von 103^{-3} beeinflußte und bei der Auswertung zu berücksichtigen war. Die Information über die Rauhigkeit der inneren Grenzflächen lag bei Reflektivitäten unterhalb von 104^{-4}. Dort kann Streustrahlung stark zur spiegelnd reflektierten Intensität beitragen und die Dynamik der Messung entscheidend begrenzen. Dieser die Reflexionskurve verfälschende Untergrund wurde hier je nach Energie der einfallenden Röntgenphotonen von Fluoreszenzstrahlung oder diffuser Streuung an Grenzflächenrauhigkeiten dominiert. Es wurde gezeigt, daß eine separate Bestimmung desUntergrundes die Korrektur der Meßkurven mit vertretbarem Aufwand erlaubt. Die Auswertung nicht korrigierter Reflexionskurven täuscht eine zu große Rauhigkeit der inneren und eine zu kleine Rauhigkeit der äußeren Grenzfläche vor. [...

    Investigation of strain relaxation in GaInAs/GaAs superlattices by X-ray diffuse scattering

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    Two different superlattices (SLs) of Ga0.8In0.2As/GaAs grown by molecular-beam epitaxy on GaAs[001] have been investigated using the measurements on the X-ray diffuse scattering (DS) and X-ray specular reflectivity. The samples differ in the thickness of the GaAs barrier layers being tb=9 nm for sample 1 and 2 nm for sample 2 separating the active Ga0.8In0.2As layers of ta=16 and 20 nm, respectively. The X-ray wavelength was chosen just above the Ga absorption edge to get a sufficient scattering contrast between both superlattice components. The large difference in lattice parameter of the (Ga0.8In0.2As) and (GaAs) components initiates the relaxation process within samples, which results in two distinguishable states of relaxation, partial for sample S1 and nearly complete for sample S2. The formation of an ordered dislocation network during the relaxation process leads to appearance of microcrystalline domains within multilayers. In contrast to sample S1, the interaction of strain fields across thin barrier layers of sample S2 results in a weak plastic deformation close to the interfaces, displayed as small-height islands. The theoretical simulations of experimental curves were performed in the framework of distorted-wave Born approximation
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