An overview of the dynamics of bubble size distributions of a beer foam decay and their order structure

This paper represents an overview of our research on the decay of foams. Particularly, the statistics of bubble size distributions is the main topic of the discussion. To understand in detail our results the reader is kindly advised to take note of our former papers: The Apollonian Decay of Beer Foam – Bubble Size Distribution and the Lattices of Young Diagrams and their Correlated Mixing Functions [11], On the Characterization of Foam Decay with Diagram Lattices and Majorization [12], Diffusion without Constraints [13], and Weak Majorization as an Approach to non-Equilibrium Foam Decay [14]. It is our opinion that due to the fact foams become more and more important referring to new materials, foods, and cosmetics, the study of the dynamics of wet decaying foams leads to a fundamental understanding of this interesting complex system that seems to consist of irregularly behaving bubbles. One of our main emphases is put on the description of bubble size distributions by means of order structure (majorization). This mathematical concept leads to the discussion of significance of normalizing. Does it make sense to normalize a system that is characterized by a loss of bubbles? Or does normalizing lead to other important results? Perhaps, both variants are necessary to obtain different statements on foam decay

Battery—Determination and Forecast via Synergetics

A rechargeable battery can be considered as a complex system which is self-organizing under charging, discharging and relaxation. Depending of the type of battery and the kind of external influences, the battery is stressed in many different ways. This leads to an alteration of the internal self-organization processes which are indicative for the present internal state and the future development of the battery. To get detailed information about the State-Of-Charge (SOC) and the State-Of-Health (SOH) of such electrochemical systems we carried out on the one hand internal spatio-temporal measurements of the half-cell potentials within lead-acid batteries. By this, significant structure formation can be observed and is represented using several methods of synergetics. On the other hand, we performed external short-time measurements of the battery’s voltage with differently triggered charging and discharging currents. The response curves of repeated excitations are characteristic for the dynamic behavior of the electrochemical system providing information on the battery’s aging state. The fits of these curves are comprehended in a small set of significant parameters

Dietary Inflammatory Index and Cross-Sectional Associations with Inflammation, Muscle Mass and Function in Healthy Old Adults

IMORTANCE: Inflammaging is considered a driver of age-related loss of muscle mass and function (sarcopenia). As nutrition might play a role in this process, the Dietary Inflammatory Index® (DII) has been developed to quantify the inflammatory potential of an individual diet. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to examine associations between the DII, inflammation, oxidative stress and sarcopenia-related parameters in healthy old compared to young adults. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study included data of 79 community-dwelling, healthy old adults (65–85 years) and 59 young adults (18–35 years) who participated in a randomized controlled trial from April to December 2019. MEASUREMENTS: The DII was computed with dietary data collected from 24-h recall interviews. Associations between the DII, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers as well as bioimpedance-derived body composition, handgrip strength and gait speed were determined with multiple linear regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, physical activity and insulin resistance. RESULTS: Regression analyses revealed significant relationships between a higher interleukin (IL) 6 and IL-6:IL-10-ratio and higher percentage fat mass (%FM), waist-to-height-ratio (WHtR) as well as lower percentage skeletal muscle mass (%SMM) and gait speed exclusively in old adults. Subsequent analyses showed that IL-6 was associated with a pro-inflammatory diet as indicated by a higher DII, again exclusively in old adults (beta coefficient (β)= 0.027, standard error (SE) 0.013, p=0.037). While the DII was not related with handgrip strength or oxidative stress in neither old nor young adults, linear models confirmed that a higher DII was inversely associated with gait speed in old participants (β= −0.022, SE 0.006, p<0.001). Finally, a pro-inflammatory diet was significantly associated with higher %FM, WHtR and lower %SMM in both age groups. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: A pro-inflammatory diet reflected by the DII is associated with higher systemic inflammation, slower gait speed as well as lower muscle mass in old adults. Intervention studies are needed to examine whether anti-inflammatory dietary approaches can help to improve muscle mass and function and thus minimize the risk for sarcopenia in the long-term

The lexicography of German

This chapter discusses the main dictionaries of the German language as it is spoken and written in Germany, and also German as it is spoken and written in Austria, Switzerland, the eastern fringes of Belgium, and South Tyrol. It also briefly describes Pennsylvania German. Corpora and other language resources used in German dictionary-making are also presented. Finally, there is a discussion of some current issues in German lexicography, as well as future prospects