Le roman congolais au XXè siècle

Pendant plusieurs décennies, la littérature congolaise s’est fait remarquer au niveau continental. Beaucoup d’auteurs et particulièrement les romanciers ont intéressé la critique littéraire tant qu’ils se sont distingués des autres écrivains africains par leur « façon d’écrire ». Par sa taille et le nombre de ses habitants, le Congo au XXè siècle peut être considéré comme le pays qui a le plus d’écrivains, en particulier les romanciers dont la qualité des oeuvres est manifeste. Et comme l’affirment Alain Rouch et Gérard Clavreuil, "la littérature congolaise compte actuellement parmi les meilleures, les plus prolifiques et les plus homogènes d’Afrique noire"[1] De son côté, Roger Chemain renchérit dans la préface à Tarentelle noire et diable blanc de Sylvain Bemba. Pour lui , le Congo en Afrique francophone « compte le plus fort pourcentage d’écrivains par rapport à l’ensemble de la population »[2]. Parmi les écrivains qui ont marqué l’histoire du roman congolais, on peut citer des noms célèbres tels Jean Malonga, Guy Menga, Sylvain Bemba, Jean Pierre Makouta MBoukou, Henri Lopes, Sony Labou Tansi, Emmanuel Dongala, Tchichélé Tchivéla, Tchicaya U Tam’Si... qui sont devenus aujourd’hui des classiques de la littérature (négro) africaine d’expression française. D’une façon générale, l’histoire du roman congolais se fonde sur un itinéraire marqué par deux « mouvements », deux façons d’écrire. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CRELAF (Cercle de Reflexion des Etudiants en Littératures Africaines), Département de Littératures Africaines, Université Omar Bongo, Gabo

The Built Heritage : Some British Experience

This paper provides a brief overview of policy intervention mechanisms affecting the preservation of the historic environment in Britain. This covers half a million "listed buildings" in England alone. Within this policy framework, the paper then discusses stated preference valuation exercises on the built environment and the results of a long - term exercise comparing returns of listed and unlisted office properties in the UK since 1980.built heritage, policy mechanisms, valuation and returns

British designer fashion in the late 1990s

At the end of the Second Millennium, the creative talent of British fashion designer 'stars' was considered so outstanding that they were frequently poached by leading European fashion houses; Dior, Givenchy, and Chloe, bastions of the French couture establishment were all headed by British designers. However, according to Kurt Salmon Associates (1991), there existed a paradox in that the British fashion designer sector was a 'cottage industry' characterised by poor commercial performance. Preliminary investigation revealed very little theory or scholarly research about the sector or its designer 'stars', and whilst there were some commercial consultancy reports, these appeared to be methodologically flawed. A need was therefore identified to explore contemporary practice in designer fashion houses, visit major promotional events such as fashion shows and exhibitions, and explore the designer's perspective. The methodological approach developed in this thesis has subsequently been endorsed by the Getty Conservation Institute of California (1999), which recommended the simultaneous analysis of 'creative' and cultural industries in terms of both their artistic and market dimensions, to explore positive associations between the two. This study applied a multi-stranded research strategy, which subscribed to phenomenological assumptions and adopted a range of research techniques from the traditions of anthropological fieldwork. These included an exploratory survey, participant observation, observation, in-depth elite interviews, and document analysis. It also draws upon developments in interpretative anthropology and includes experiments with the construction and presentation of text. These include the juxtaposition of commercial and art history discourses, numeric data with narrative, and popular with scholarly texts. This is sought to invite the reader to enter into a negotiation of new meaning, incorporating previously disparate discourses about designer fashion phenomena. The conclusions of this research were that the term 'cottage industry' was not an appropriate descriptor for the British fashion designer sector in the late 1990s .The industry had attained a positive international profile and London Fashion Week was a major international media event. However, the sector could be better supported as a national asset, in particular by establishing a permanent national exhibition in London to promote British fashion in a sustained and coherent manner

Intensity variations in molecular spectra at low temperature

Imperial Users onl

The pseudopterosins and colombiasin A

This thesis is concerned with the total synthesis of natural products isolated from the Caribbean sea whip, Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae. The pseudopterosins are a family of such marine natural products exhibiting anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. A total synthesis of pseudopterosin A-F aglycone is described. The route began with achiral starting materials and also leads to the synthesis of an unnatural pseudopterosin diastereoisomer. Key features include an arene alkylation with a g-methylene-g-butyrolactone and a subsequent hydrogenation-hydrogonolysis sequence, which proceed with excellent diastereoselectivity. Previous syntheses of the pseudopterosins, including synthetic approaches to the aglycone are reviewed in Chapter 1. Modifications to our approach are discussed, enabling the more rapid and efficient production of material. Studies towards pseudopterosin G-J aglycone are also described. We have developed a route to an unnatural diastereoisomer of colombiasin A, also isolated from Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae. Key features are an arene alkylation with a g-methylene-g-butyrolactone and an intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition. A simple method to effect the conversion of 4-aryl-1-en-1-yl methyl ethers to the corresponding dihydronaphthalene is reported. Cyclisation is accomplished by warming a cyclohexane solution of the substrate with ethylene glycol and para-toluenesulfonic acid, and proceeds via the in situ formation of a 1,3-dioxolane. Studies towards elisabatin B are also described.</p

On the Case of Ruptured Uterus Reported by Mr. Tyte, Surgeon, Harrow.

n/

Is the UK National Lottery experiencing lottery fatigue?

In this chapter recent innovations to the UK National Lottery on-line lotto game are considered. We suggest that innovations are necessary to prevent players from becoming tired of the game and therefore to keep sales healthy. We also examine how the lottery operators have tried to stimulate the wider betting and gaming market and maintain interest in the on-line game, through the introduction of periphery games and products. In summary, we conclude that the UK lottery market has been stimulated and expanded in line with all the available evidence from lotteries elsewhere in the world