Wpływ treningu fizycznego wykonywanego na powierzchniach niestabilnych z wykorzystaniem elastycznych taśm do ćwiczeń oporowych na sprawność funkcjonalną oraz jakość życia osób starszych

Aim of the study. The authors tried to evaluate the effectiveness of physical exercises, particularly exercises on unstable surfaces, in improving functional efficiency and self-evaluation of quality of life in elderly people. Material and methods. The experiment was completed by a group of 37 out of 45 participants who had fulfilled selection criteria. Age range was from 65 to 90 years, and the average age was 79.5 + 12 years. The following tests were administered: manipulation test, Get Up And Go Test, Tinetti Balance and Walking Test, Single Leg Stance with Eyes Open and Closed, The Sit-And-Reach Test and measurement of back muscles strength. For subjective quality of life evaluation, psychometric testing was employed: SF-36 Health Questionnaire Survey and Life Satisfaction Index. The participants performed physical exercises 3 times a week for 3 months, attending 33 sessions of 45 minutes duration each. The exercises defined in the training schedule were performed individually and under supervision of the physiotherapist. Use of special tools (the Swiss ball, the sensory pillow, and the elastic band) enabled performance of sensorimotor and resistance exercises whilst encouraging a sense of play, which facilitates achieving the aims of therapy. Results. Statistically significant improvement following the physical training was noticed only in the strength of back muscles (p<0.001), in the manipulation ability test (p<0.01), and in the Single Leg Stance with Eyes Open test (p<0.05). In physical categories of quality of life in the SF-36 test, statistically significant improvement was confined to the categories: "role limitations due to physical problems" (p<0.05) and "general health selfperception" (p<0.001). Among all mental categories of the SF-36 test, statistically significant difference was found only in "role limitations due to emotional problems" (p<0.01) and in "vitality" (p<0.05). Conclusions. The applied physical exercise programme positively influences the results of two out of seven tests describing physical performance of elderly people. Higher self-evaluation of quality of life was reported by these people in two physical categories and in two mental categories of the SF-36 test.Cel pracy. Autorzy przedstawili próbę oceny skuteczności treningu fizycznego, uwzględniającego szczególnie ćwiczenia na powierzchniach niestabilnych, na sprawność funkcjonalną oraz samoocenę jakości życia osób starszych. Materiał i metody. Eksperyment ukończyła grupa 37 osób z pośród 45, które spełniały kryteria kwalifikacyjne. Wiek badanych wahał się w granicach od 65 do 90 lat. Średnia wieku wynosiła 79,5 ± 12 lat. Kryterium oceny sprawności funkcjonalnej stanowiły testy: sprawności manipulacyjnej, wstań i idź, równowagi wg Tinetti, chodu wg Tinetti, stania na jednej nodze z oczami otwartymi i zamkniętymi, wysięgu w siadzie oraz badanie momentu siły mięśni grzbietu. Dla subiektywnej oceny jakości życia wykorzystano testy psychometryczne: SF - 36 oraz Indeks Satysfakcji z życia. Osoby biorące udział w eksperymencie, wykonywały ćwiczenia fizyczne 3 razy w tygodniu przez okres 3-ch miesięcy, uczestnicząc w 33 sesjach, trwających po 45 minut. Ćwiczenia określone harmonogramem treningowym były prowadzone indywidualnie pod nadzorem fizjoterapeuty. Zastosowanie do ćwiczeń przyborów (piłka szwajcarska, poduszka rehabilitacyjna i elastyczna taśma) umożliwiało wykonywanie ćwiczeń sensomotorycznych oraz oporowych, zapewniając jednocześnie efekt zabawy, ułatwiający osiąganie zamierzonych celów terapii. Wyniki. We testach charakteryzujących sprawność funkcjonalną istotną statystycznie poprawę średnich wyników na poziomie p < 0,001 zaobserwowano w pomiarze momentów siły mięśni grzbietu, na poziomie p < 0,01 w ocenie sprawności manipulacyjnej oraz na poziomie p < 0,05 w próbie stania na jednej nodze z otwartymi oczami. W ocenie komponenty fizycznej jakości życia testem SF - 36, istotną statystycznie poprawę średnich wyników stwierdzono tylko w przypadku kategorii „ograniczenia wynikające ze stanu zdrowia” (p < 0,05) oraz "percepcji własnego stanu zdrowia" (p < 0,001). W ocenie komponenty mentalnej istotną statystycznie poprawę średnich wyników zaobserwowano w przypadku kategorii „ograniczenia wynikające z problemów emocjonalnych” (p < 0,01) oraz "witalność" (p < 0,05). Wnioski. Znamiennie skuteczny wpływ zastosowanego treningu fizycznego odnosi się tylko do dwóch z siedmiu badanych cech sprawności funkcjonalnej osób starszych. Wyższą samoocenę jakości życia po programie treningowym zaobserwowano w przypadku dwóch kategorii komponenty fizycznej oraz dwóch kategorii komponenty mentalnej testu SF- 36

Tnfa signaling through Tnfr2 protects skin against oxidative stress-induced inflammation

14 páginas, 8 figuras.-- Sergio Candel ... et al.-- This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.TNFα overexpression has been associated with several chronic inflammatory diseases, including psoriasis, lichen planus, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Paradoxically, numerous studies have reported new-onset psoriasis and lichen planus following TNFα antagonist therapy. Here, we show that genetic inhibition of Tnfa and Tnfr2 in zebrafish results in the mobilization of neutrophils to the skin. Using combinations of fluorescent reporter transgenes, fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry, we identified the local production of dual oxidase 1 (Duox1)-derived H2O2 by Tnfa- and Tnfr2-deficient keratinocytes as a trigger for the activation of the master inflammation transcription factor NF-κB, which then promotes the induction of genes encoding pro-inflammatory molecules. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of Duox1 completely abrogated skin inflammation, placing Duox1-derived H2O2 upstream of this positive feedback inflammatory loop. Strikingly, DUOX1 was drastically induced in the skin lesions of psoriasis and lichen planus patients. These results reveal a crucial role for TNFα/TNFR2 axis in the protection of the skin against DUOX1-mediated oxidative stress and could establish new therapeutic targets for skin inflammatory disordersThis work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (grants BIO2011-23400 and CSD2007-00002 to VM, and PhD fellowship to SC, all co-funded with Fondos Europeos de Desarrollo Regional/European Regional Development Funds), the Fundación Séneca-Murcia (grant 04538/GERM/06 to VM and PhD fellowship to RE-P), Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (PhD fellowship to SdO, SFRH/BD/62674/2009), a Medical Research Council Senior Clinical fellowship to SAR (G0701932), and the European 7th Framework Initial Training Network FishForPharma (PhD fellowship to SDT, PITG-GA-2011-289209).Peer reviewe

cGMP via PKG activates 26S proteasomes and enhances degradation of proteins, including ones that cause neurodegenerative diseases.

Because raising cAMP enhances 26S proteasome activity and the degradation of cell proteins, including the selective breakdown of misfolded proteins, we investigated whether agents that raise cGMP may also regulate protein degradation. Treating various cell lines with inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 5 or stimulators of soluble guanylyl cyclase rapidly enhanced multiple proteasome activities and cellular levels of ubiquitinated proteins by activating protein kinase G (PKG). PKG stimulated purified 26S proteasomes by phosphorylating a different 26S component than is modified by protein kinase A. In cells and cell extracts, raising cGMP also enhanced within minutes ubiquitin conjugation to cell proteins. Raising cGMP, like raising cAMP, stimulated the degradation of short-lived cell proteins, but unlike cAMP, also markedly increased proteasomal degradation of long-lived proteins (the bulk of cell proteins) without affecting lysosomal proteolysis. We also tested if raising cGMP, like cAMP, can promote the degradation of mutant proteins that cause neurodegenerative diseases. Treating zebrafish models of tauopathies or Huntington's disease with a PDE5 inhibitor reduced the levels of the mutant huntingtin and tau proteins, cell death, and the resulting morphological abnormalities. Thus, PKG rapidly activates cytosolic proteasomes, protein ubiquitination, and overall protein degradation, and agents that raise cGMP may help combat the progression of neurodegenerative diseases

Salivary biomarkers as pioneering indicators for diagnosis and severity stratification of pediatric long COVID

IntroductionLong COVID, or post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), manifests as persistent and often debilitating symptoms enduring well beyond the initial COVID-19 infection. This disease is especially worrying in children since it can seriously alter their development. Presently, a specific diagnostic test or definitive biomarker set for confirming long COVID is lacking, relying instead on the protracted presence of symptoms post-acute infection.MethodsWe measured the levels of 13 biomarkers in 105 saliva samples (49 from children with long COVID and 56 controls), and the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyse the correlations between the levels of the different salivary biomarkers. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine which of the 13 analysed salivary biomarkers were useful to discriminate between children with long COVID and controls, as well as between children with mild and severe long COVID symptoms.ResultsPediatric long COVID exhibited increased oxidant biomarkers and decreased antioxidant, immune response, and stress-related biomarkers. Correlation analyses unveiled distinct patterns between biomarkers in long COVID and controls. Notably, a multivariate logistic regression pinpointed TOS, ADA2, total proteins, and AOPP as pivotal variables, culminating in a remarkably accurate predictive model distinguishing long COVID from controls. Furthermore, total proteins and ADA1 were instrumental in discerning between mild and severe long COVID symptoms.DiscussionThis research sheds light on the potential clinical utility of salivary biomarkers in diagnosing and categorizing the severity of pediatric long COVID. It also lays the groundwork for future investigations aimed at unravelling the prognostic value of these biomarkers in predicting the trajectory of long COVID in affected individuals

A zebrafish model of Ifih1-driven Aicardi–Goutières syndrome reproduces the interferon signature and the exacerbated inflammation of patients

Type I interferonopathies are a heterogenic group of rare diseases associated with an increase in type I interferon (IFN). The main challenge for the study of Type I interferonopathies is the lack of a well-founded animal model to better characterize the phenotype as well as to perform fast and large drug screenings to offer the best treatment options. In this study, we report the development of a transgenic zebrafish model of Type I interferonopathy overexpressing ifih1 carrying the mutation p.Arg742His (Tg(ifih1_mut)), corresponding to the human mutation p.Arg779His. RNA sequence analysis from Tg(ifih1_mut) larvae revealed a systemic inflammation and IFN signature upon a suboptimal poly I:C induction compared with wild-type larvae, confirming the phenotype observed in patients suffering from Type I interferonopathies. More interestingly, the phenotype was manifested in the zebrafish inflammation and Type I IFN reporters nfkb:eGFP and isg15:eGFP, respectively, making this zebrafish model suitable for future high-throughput chemical screening (HTS). Using the unique advantages of the zebrafish model for gene editing, we have generated Tg(ifih1_mut) knocked down for mavs and ikbke, which completely abrogated the Poly I:C induction and activation of the GFP of the reporters. Finally, we used an FDA-approved drug, Baricitinib (Jak1/Jak2 inhibitor), which was able to reduce the inflammation and the ISG expression. Our results demonstrate the potential of this model to further understand AGS pathological mechanisms and to identify novel therapeutic drugs by HTS

TNFα Impairs Rhabdoviral Clearance by Inhibiting the Host Autophagic Antiviral Response.

TNFα is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine with a key role in the activation of the immune system to fight viral infections. Despite its antiviral role, a few viruses might utilize the host produced TNFα to their benefit. Some recent reports have shown that anti-TNFα therapies could be utilized to treat certain viral infections. However, the underlying mechanisms by which TNFα can favor virus replication have not been identified. Here, a rhabdoviral infection model in zebrafish allowed us to identify the mechanism of action by which Tnfa has a deleterious role for the host to combat certain viral infections. Our results demonstrate that Tnfa signals through its receptor Tnfr2 to enhance viral replication. Mechanistically, Tnfa does not affect viral adhesion and delivery from endosomes to the cytosol. In addition, the host interferon response was also unaffected by Tnfa levels. However, Tnfa blocks the host autophagic response, which is required for viral clearance. This mechanism of action provides new therapeutic targets for the treatment of SVCV-infected fish, and advances our understanding of the previously enigmatic deleterious role of TNFα in certain viral infections

Neutrophils mediate Salmonella Typhimurium clearance through the GBP4 inflammasome-dependent production of prostaglandins

17 páginas, 10 figuras.-- Sylwia Tyrkalska ... et al.-- This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International LicenseInflammasomes are cytosolic molecular platforms that alert the immune system about the presence of infection. Here we report that zebrafish guanylate-binding protein 4 (Gbp4), an IFNγ-inducible GTPase protein harbouring a C-terminal CARD domain, is required for the inflammasome-dependent clearance of Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) by neutrophils in vivo. Despite the presence of the CARD domain, Gbp4 requires the universal inflammasome adaptor Asc for mediating its antibacterial function. In addition, the GTPase activity of Gbp4 is indispensable for inflammasome activation and ST clearance. Mechanistically, neutrophils are recruited to the infection site through the inflammasome-independent production of the chemokine (CXC motif) ligand 8 and leukotriene B4, and then mediate bacterial clearance through the Gbp4 inflammasome-dependent biosynthesis of prostaglandin D2. Our results point to GBPs as key inflammasome adaptors required for prostaglandin biosynthesis and bacterial clearance by neutrophils and suggest that transient activation of the inflammasome may be used to treat bacterial infectionsThis work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness (grants BIO2011-23400 and BIO2014-52655-R to V.M., AGL2012-39674 to M.P.S., and BIO2013-45336-R to A.S.-F. and PhD fellowships to S.C., D.A. and V.G.-A., all co-funded with Fondos Europeos de Desarrollo Regional/European Regional Development Funds), the European 7th Framework Initial Training Network FishForPharma (PhD fellowship to S.D.T., PITG-GA-2011-289209), the Sara Borrell postdoc grant from the Instituto Salud Carlos III to F.M.-S. (CD12/00523) and the European Research Council (ERC-2013-CoG 614578 to P.P.)Peer reviewe

Caracterizació molecular y funcional de Gbp4 de pez cebra : un nuevo componente del inflamasoma= Molecular and functional chraterization of zebrafish Gbp4: a new inflammasome component

INTRODUCCIÓN: La señalización a través de los NOD-like receptors (NLRs), que son una familia de receptores citosólicos de reconocimiento de patrones (PRRs), da lugar al procesamiento y activación de las citoquinas pro-inflamatorias IL-1 β e IL-18 mediados por caspasa-1, así como de la inducción de una forma de muerte celular recientemente descrita llamada piroptosis. Para ello, los NLRs median la formación de plataformas multiproteicas de señalización llamadas inflamasomas, que alertan al sistema inmune de la presencia de infección o daño tisular. OBJETIVOS: (1) Establecimiento de un modelo de infección de Salmonella Typhimurium en pez cebra para estudiar la activación, el ensamblaje y el funcionamiento del inflamasoma; (2) Caracterización del papel de la flagelina de S. Typhimurium en el mecanismo de infección en pez cebra; (3) Caracterización del papel de Gbp4 de pez cebra en la activación y ensamblaje del inflamasoma, así como en la eliminación de S. Typhimurium; (4) Caracterización del papel de los neutrófilos en la eliminación de S. Typhimurium dependiente de Gbp4 en pez cebra; (5) Caracterización del papel de Gbp4 en la producción de prostaglandinas dependiente del inflamasoma, y del de las prostaglandinas en la eliminación de S. Typhimurium. METODOLOGÍA: Los métodos utilizados en la tesis doctoral son: Ensayos de infección con S. Typhimurium, ensayos de actividad caspasa-1, toma de imágenes de larvas de pez cebra, reclutamiento de neutrófilos y análisis de la muerte celular, ensayos de luminescencia, citometría de flujo, análisis de expresión génica, Western blot, ensayo de reconstitución del inflamasoma en células HEK293. RESULTADOS: Aquí demostramos que la proteína Gbp4 de pez cebra, una enzima GTPasa inducible por IFNγ que alberga un dominio C-terminal CARD, se expresa en los neutrófilos y es necesaria para la eliminación de Salmonella Typhimurium in vivo dependiente del inflamasoma. A pesar de la presencia del dominio CARD, Gbp4 requiere la presencia de la proteína adaptadora Asc para desempeñar su función antibacteriana. Además, la actividad GTPasa de Gbp4 es indispensable para la activación del inflamasoma, el reclutamiento de neutrófilos al lugar de la infección, y la eliminación de S. Typhimurium. La reconstitución de los complejos Gbp4-Asc en células embrionarias humanas de riñón (HEK293) en cultivo, nos mostró que forman complejos macromoleculares con un anillo exterior de Asc y un núcleo de Gbp4. Mecanísticamente, Gbp4 es esencial para la liberación de prostaglandinas dependiente del inflamasoma, de las cuales PGD2 se asocia con la eliminación de bacterias mediada por Gbp4. Por tanto, nuestros resultados señalan a las proteínas de unión con GTPasa como los adaptadores clave del inflamasoma necesarios para la biosíntesis de prostaglandinas y la eliminación de bacterias intracelulares por los neutrófilos in vivo. CONCLUSIONES: (1) El pez cebra es un excelente modelo para estudiar la activación y la función del inflamasoma en respuesta a una infección por S. Typhimurium; (2) El reconocimiento intracelular de S. Typhimurium en pez cebra depende altamente de la producción de flagelina; (3) La activación del inflamasoma dependiente de Gbp4 mejora la resistencia de las larvas de pez cebra e incrementa la actividad caspasa-1 después de la infección con S. Typhimurium; (4) Tanto Gbp4 mutante que carece de la actividad GTPasa, como el doble mutante al que también le falta el dominio CARD, se comportan como dominantes negativos, incrementando la susceptibilidad a S. Typhimurium y, en paralelo, reduciendo la actividad caspasa-1; (5) El mutante de Gbp4 sin el dominio CARD actúa, al igual que GBP5 de mamíferos, rescatando la elevada susceptibilidad de las larvas deficientes en Gbp4, pero no aumenta la actividad caspasa-1 después de la infección con S. Typhimurium en pez cebra; (6) Gbp4 regula el reclutamiento de neutrófilos al lugar de infección y, además, la eliminación de S. Typhimurium dependiente de Gbp4 esta mediada por los neutrófilos; (7) El inflamasoma dependiente de Gbp4 activa la biosíntesis de las prostaglandinas, que a su vez fomentan la eliminación de S. Typhimurium. INTRODUCTION: The nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeats (NLRs) constitute a family of cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are the responsible for the caspase-1-mediated processing and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such us IL-1 β and IL-18, and the induction of a recently described form of cell death called pyroptosis. NLRs achieve these functions by forming multiprotein signaling platforms, called inflammasomes, which alert the immune system about the presence of infection or tissue damage. OBJECTIVES: Taking that into consideration, the objectives of the present work are: (1) Establishment of a zebrafish – Salmonella Typhimurium infection model to study inflammasome activation, assembly and function; (2) Characterization of the role of flagellin of S. Typhimurium in the infection mechanism in zebrafish; (3) Characterization of the role of zebrafish Gbp4 in inflammasome activation, assembly and clearance of S. Typhimurium; (4) Characterization of the role of neutrophils in the Gbp4-dependent clearance of S. Typhimurium in zebrafish; (5) Characterization of the role played by the Gbp4 inflammasome in prostaglandin production and S. Typhimurium clearance. METHODOLOGY: The following methods were used in this doctoral thesis: yolk sac or ear infection assays with S. Typhimurium, caspase-1 activity assays of infected larvae, counting of neutrophils using different zebrafish transgenic lines with fluorescent neutrophils using live imaging, neutrophil recruitment assays, cell death analysis, luminescence assays for the measurement of Il1-β contents, flow cytometry and FACS-sorting of fluorescent cells, gene expression analysis, western blot, inflammasome reconstitution assays in HEK293 cells. RESULTS: Here we report that zebrafish Gbp4, an IFNγ-inducible GTPase harboring a C-terminal CARD domain, is expressed in neutrophils and is required for the inflammasome-dependent clearance of Salmonella Typhimurium in vivo. Despite the presence of the CARD domain, Gbp4 requires the universal inflammasome adaptor protein Asc for mediating its antibacterial function. In addition, the GTPase activity of Gbp4 is indispensable for the inflammasome activation, the neutrophil recruitment and the clearance of S. Typhimurium. Reconstitution of Gbp4-Asc complexes in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) revealed a macromolecular complex with an outer ring of Asc and an core of Gbp4. Mechanistically, Gbp4 is essential for the inflammasome-dependent release of prostaglandins, of which PGD2 is associated with the Gbp4-mediated bacterial clearance. Our results, therefore, point to GTPase-binding proteins as the key inflammasome adaptors required for prostaglandin biosynthesis and intracellular bacterial clearance by neutrophils in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: The above results suggest that: (1) Zebrafish is an excellent model to study inflammasome activation and function upon S. Typhimurium infection; (2) Intracellular recognition of S. Typhimurium in zebrafish highly depends on flagellin production; (3) Gbp4-dependent inflammasome activation improves zebrafish larvae resistance and increases caspase-1 activity upon S. Typhimurium infection; (4) A Gbp4 mutant lacking GTPase activity, as well as a double GTPase and CARD mutant, behave as dominant negatives by increasing the susceptibility to S. Typhimurium and, in parallel, decreasing caspase-1 activity; (5) A Gbp4 mutant lacking the CARD domain acts as mammalian GBP5; that is, rescues the higher susceptibility of Gbp4-deficient larvae but fails to increase caspase-1 activity upon S. Typhimurium infection in zebrafish; (6) Gbp4 regulates neutrophil recruitment to the site of the infection. In addition, the Gbp4-dependent clearance of S. Typhimurium is mediated by neutrophils; (7) The Gbp4-dependent inflammasome activates prostaglandin biosynthesis, which in turn promotes S. Typhimurium clearance

Analysis of the MCPIP1 protein expression in human neuroblastoma BE(2)-C cell line

Neuroblastoma, belongs to a group of malignant cancers. It develops from the neural crest, which in normal conditions arises from adrenal glands and ganglions of sympathetic nervous system. Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood, which the cause is still unknown. Today, lots of new potential therapies are being researched that will either stop the tumor growth, inhibit metastasis, or eliminate symptoms, in hopes of finding a cure for these young patients. One potential therapeutic target might be MCPIP1 protein, which has been discovered recently and is still intensively studied.The aim of this study is to analyze the overexpression of the MCPIP1 protein and its mutants in the human neuroblastoma cell line in in vitro conditions. This study also attempts to demonstrate the impact of the full form MCPIP1 protein overexpression as well as the mutant form, which lacks the PIN domain (RNAse) on the cell viability and the level of proliferation in human neuroblastoma BE(2)-C cell line. The overexpression analysis of MCPIP1 protein, its impact on cell viability, and the level of cell proliferation were performed on the basis of everyday microscopic observations and molecular biology techniques: Western blot, measurement of the level of ATP molecules to determine cell viability, and the quantification of BrdU to determine the level of cell proliferation.On the basis of the results, it was shown that cell viability, the level of cell proliferation, the growth rate, and the behavior in the culture was dependent on the level of overexpression and on the type of the MCPIP1 protein produced in the BE(2)-C human neuroblastoma cell line. The effect of high overexpression of both forms of the MCPIP1 protein showed a significant reduction in cell viability and the level of cell proliferation. It was shown that the PIN domain, apart from its known RNAse function, shortens the life expectancy of the cells and inhibits their division.Neuroblastoma - nerwiak zarodkowy współczulny, należy do grupy nowotworów złośliwych. Rozwija się z listewki nerwowej, z której w prawidłowych warunkach powstają nadnercza i zwoje układu współczulnego. Neuroblastoma jest jednym z najczęściej występujących pozaczaszkowych nowotworów litych wieku dziecięcego, którego przyczyna nie jest znana. Obecnie poszukuje się nowych, potencjalnych terapii, które pozwolą na całkowite wyleczenie młodego pacjenta, względnie zahamują wzrost guza, przerzutowanie oraz wyeliminują objawy. Takim potencjalnym celem terapeutycznym jest białko MCPIP1, które stosunkowo niedawno zostało odkryte i jest cały czas intensywnie badane. Celem prezentowanej pracy była analiza ekspresji białka MCPIP1 i jego mutantów, w komórkach nerwiaka zarodkowego współczulnego w warunkach in vitro oraz próba wykazania wpływu nadekspresji pełnej formy białka i mutanta pozbawionego domeny PIN (RNA-zy) na żywotność i poziom proliferacji komórek ludzkiej linii neuroblastoma BE(2)-C. Analiza ekspresji białka MCPIP1 oraz wpływ nadekspresji białka MCPIP1 na żywotność i poziom proliferacji komórek zostały wykonane na podstawie codziennych obserwacji mikroskopowych oraz przy pomocy technik często wykorzystywanych w biologii molekularnej: Western blot, badanie poziomu ATP do oznaczenia żywotności oraz ilości BrdU do oznaczenia poziomu proliferacji komórek.Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników wykazano, że zarówno żywotność komórek, poziom ich proliferacji, szybkość wzrostu oraz zachowanie w hodowli są zależne od poziomu nadekspresji, jak i typu białka MCPIP1 produkowanego w komórkach ludzkiej linii neuroblastoma BE(2)-C. Skutkiem wysokiej nadekspresji obu form białka MCPIP1 jest znaczne obniżenie żywotności oraz poziomu proliferacji komórek. Wykazano, że domena PIN, oprócz swej znanej już funkcji RNAzowej, skraca czas życia komórek oraz hamuje ich podziały

Wpływ treningu fizycznego wykonywanego na powierzchniach niestabilnych z wykorzystaniem elastycznych taśm do ćwiczeń oporowych na sprawność funkcjonalną oraz jakość Ŝycia osób starszych

Aim of the study. The authors tried to evaluate the effectiveness of physical exercises, particularly exercises on unstable surfaces, in improving functional efficiency and self-evaluation of quality of life in elderly people.Material and methods. The experiment was completed by a group of 37 out of 45 participants who had fulfilled selection criteria. Age range was from 65 to 90 years, and the average age was 79.5 + 12 years. The following tests were administered: manipulation test, Get Up And Go Test, Tinetti Balance and Walking Test, Single Leg Stance with Eyes Open and Closed, The Sit-And-Reach Test and measurement of back muscles strength. For subjective quality of life evaluation, psychometric testing was employed: SF-36 Health Questionnaire Survey and Life Satisfaction Index. The participants performed physical exercises 3 times a week for 3 months, attending 33 sessions of 45 minutes duration each. The exercises defined in the training schedule were performed individually and under supervision of the physiotherapist. Use of special tools (the Swiss ball, the sensory pillow, and the elastic band) enabled performance of sensorimotor and resistance exercises whilst encouraging a sense of play, which facilitates achieving the aims of therapy.Results. Statistically significant improvement following the physical training was noticed only in the strength of back muscles (p&lt;0.001), in the manipulation ability test (p&lt;0.01), and in the Single Leg Stance with Eyes Open test (p&lt;0.05). In physical categories of quality of life in the SF-36 test, statistically significant improvement was confined to the categories: role limitations due to physical problems (p&lt;0.05) and general health selfperception (p&lt;0.001). Among all mental categories of the SF-36 test, statistically significant difference was found only in role limitations due to emotional problems (p&lt;0.01) and in vitality (p&lt;0.05).Conclusions. The applied physical exercise programme positively influences the results of two out of seven tests describing physical performance of elderly people. Higher self-evaluation of quality of life was reported by these people in two physical categories and in two mental categories of the SF-36 test.Cel pracy. Autorzy przedstawili próbę oceny skuteczności treningu fizycznego, uwzględniającego szczególnie ćwiczenia na powierzchniach niestabilnych, na sprawność funkcjonalną oraz samoocenę jakości Ŝycia osób starszych. Materiał i metody. Eksperyment ukończyła grupa 37 osób z pośród 45, które spełniały kryteria kwalifikacyjne. Wiek badanych wahał się w granicach od 65 do 90 lat. Średnia wieku wynosiła 79,5 ± 12 lat. Kryterium oceny sprawności funkcjonalnej stanowiły testy: sprawności manipulacyjnej, wstań i idź, równowagi wg Tinetti, chodu wg Tinetti, stania na jednej nodze z oczami otwartymi i zamkniętymi, wysięgu w siadzie oraz badanie momentu siły mięśni grzbietu. Dla subiektywnej oceny jakości Ŝycia wykorzystano testy psychometryczne: SF – 36 oraz Indeks Satysfakcji z życia. Osoby biorące udział w eksperymencie, wykonywały ćwiczenia fizyczne 3 razy w tygodniu przez okres 3-ch miesięcy, uczestnicząc w 33 sesjach, trwających po 45 minut. Ćwiczenia określone harmonogramem treningowym były prowadzone indywidualnie pod nadzorem fizjoterapeuty. Zastosowanie do ćwiczeń przyborów (piłka szwajcarska, poduszka rehabilitacyjna i elastyczna taśma) umożliwiało wykonywanie ćwiczeń sensomotorycznych oraz oporowych, zapewniając jednocześnie efekt zabawy, ułatwiający osiąganie zamierzonych celów terapii. Wyniki. We testach charakteryzujących sprawność funkcjonalną istotną statystycznie poprawę średnich wyników na poziomie p < 0,001 zaobserwowano w pomiarze momentów siły mięśni grzbietu, na poziomie p < 0,01 w ocenie sprawności manipulacyjnej oraz na poziomie p < 0,05 w próbie stania na jednej nodze z otwartymi oczami. W ocenie komponenty fizycznej jakości Ŝycia testem SF – 36, istotną statystycznie poprawę średnich wyników stwierdzono tylko w przypadku kategorii „ograniczenia wynikające ze stanu zdrowia” (p < 0,05) oraz „percepcji własnego stanu zdrowia” (p < 0,001). W ocenie komponenty mentalnej istotną statystycznie poprawę średnich wyników zaobserwowano w przypadku kategorii „ograniczenia wynikające z problemów emocjonalnych” (p < 0,01) oraz „witalność” (p < 0,05). Wnioski. Znamiennie skuteczny wpływ zastosowanego treningu fizycznego odnosi się tylko do dwóch z siedmiu badanych cech sprawności funkcjonalnej osób starszych. WyŜszą samoocenę jakości Ŝycia po programie treningowym zaobserwowano w przypadku dwóch kategorii komponenty fizycznej oraz dwóch kategorii komponenty mentalnej testu SF- 3