658 research outputs found
Creating I-Communities for the Modern Business
Zadanie pt. „Digitalizacja i udostępnienie w Cyfrowym Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego kolekcji czasopism naukowych wydawanych przez Uniwersytet Łódzki” nr 885/P-DUN/2014 zostało dofinansowane ze środków MNiSW w ramach działalności upowszechniającej nauk
Mostly Harmless Simulations? Using Monte Carlo Studies for Estimator Selection
We consider two recent suggestions for how to perform an empirically
motivated Monte Carlo study to help select a treatment effect estimator under
unconfoundedness. We show theoretically that neither is likely to be
informative except under restrictive conditions that are unlikely to be
satisfied in many contexts. To test empirical relevance, we also apply the
approaches to a real-world setting where estimator performance is known. Both
approaches are worse than random at selecting estimators which minimise
absolute bias. They are better when selecting estimators that minimise mean
squared error. However, using a simple bootstrap is at least as good and often
better. For now researchers would be best advised to use a range of estimators
and compare estimates for robustness
When Should We (Not) Interpret Linear IV Estimands as LATE?
In this paper I revisit the interpretation of the linear instrumental
variables (IV) estimand as a weighted average of conditional local average
treatment effects (LATEs). I focus on a practically relevant situation in which
additional covariates are required for identification while the reduced-form
and first-stage regressions implicitly restrict the effects of the instrument
to be homogeneous, and are thus possibly misspecified. I show that the weights
on some conditional LATEs are negative and the IV estimand is no longer
interpretable as a causal effect under a weaker version of monotonicity, i.e.
when there are compliers but no defiers at some covariate values and defiers
but no compliers elsewhere. The problem of negative weights disappears in the
overidentified specification of Angrist and Imbens (1995) and in an alternative
method, termed "reordered IV," that I also develop. Even if all weights are
positive, the IV estimand in the just identified specification is not
interpretable as the unconditional LATE parameter unless the groups with
different values of the instrument are roughly equal sized. I illustrate my
findings in an application to causal effects of college education using the
college proximity instrument. The benchmark estimates suggest that college
attendance yields earnings gains of about 60 log points, which is well outside
the range of estimates in the recent literature. I demonstrate that this result
is driven by the existence of defiers and the presence of negative weights.
Corrected estimates indicate that attending college causes earnings to be
roughly 20% higher
Rural Transformations in Middle Republican Central Italy:An Archaeological Perspective
This paper explores how the sociopolitical, economic, and demographic transformations of the Middle Republican period affected rural settlement and landscape exploitation in Central Tyrrhenian Italy. Two lines of archaeological inquiry are pursued. The first concerns settlement data from three major survey projects: the South Etruria Survey, Rome Suburbium Project, and Pontine Region Project. Despite local variation, these surveys highlight two general changes firmly placed in the late 4th and 3rd centuries BC: an increase in rural site numbers and the rise of specialized commercial farms. The second topic concerns centuriation. It is argued that some field systems, including the centuriation of the Pontine plain, were laid out in the late 4th and early 3rd centuries to reclaim marginal landscapes. Labor-cost analyses suggest such projects involved substantial and sustained investment. The chapter then discusses the implications of these rural transformations in relation to urban contexts and the period’s broader history. Despite continuous warfare, Central Italy apparently witnessed demographic and economic growth, which in turn contributed to Rome’s expansion
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