Juvenile root traits show limited correlation with grain yield, yield components and grain mineral composition traits in Indian wheat under hostile soils

Correlations between juvenile wheat root traits, and grain yield and yield component traits under optimal field conditions have previously been reported in some conditions. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that juvenile wheat root traits correlate with yield, yield components and grain mineral composition traits under a range of soil environments in India. A diverse panel of 36 Indian wheat genotypes were grown for ten days in ‘pouch and wick’ high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) system (20 replicates). Correlations between juvenile root architecture traits, including primary and lateral root length, and grain yield, yield components and grain mineral composition traits were determined, using field data from previously published experiments at six sites in India. Only a limited number of juvenile root traits correlated with grain yield (GYD), yield components, and grain mineral composition traits. A narrow root angle, potentially representing a ‘steep’ phenotype, was associated with increased GYD and harvest index (HI) averaged across sites and years. Length related root traits were not correlated with GYD or HI at most sites, however, the total length of lateral roots and lateral root number correlated with GYD at a sodic site of pH 9.5. The total length of lateral roots (TLLR) correlated with grain zinc (Zn) concentration at one site. A wider root angle, representing a shallow root system, correlated with grain iron (Fe) concentration at most sites. The total length of all roots (TLAR) and total length of primary roots (TLPR) correlated with grain S concentration at most sites. Narrow root angle in juvenile plants could be a useful proxy trait for screening germplasm for improved grain yield. Lateral root and shallow root traits could potentially be used to improve grain mineral concentrations. The use of juvenile root traits should be explored further in wheat breeding for diverse environments

Track A Basic Science

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138319/1/jia218438.pd

Factors Associated with Revision Surgery after Internal Fixation of Hip Fractures

Background: Femoral neck fractures are associated with high rates of revision surgery after management with internal fixation. Using data from the Fixation using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip fractures (FAITH) trial evaluating methods of internal fixation in patients with femoral neck fractures, we investigated associations between baseline and surgical factors and the need for revision surgery to promote healing, relieve pain, treat infection or improve function over 24 months postsurgery. Additionally, we investigated factors associated with (1) hardware removal and (2) implant exchange from cancellous screws (CS) or sliding hip screw (SHS) to total hip arthroplasty, hemiarthroplasty, or another internal fixation device. Methods: We identified 15 potential factors a priori that may be associated with revision surgery, 7 with hardware removal, and 14 with implant exchange. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses in our investigation. Results: Factors associated with increased risk of revision surgery included: female sex, [hazard ratio (HR) 1.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25-2.50; P = 0.001], higher body mass index (fo

Tribo-Fatigue studies of Gear oils on a rolling contact 4-BALL machine

This work has evaluated the rolling contact fatigue lives of EN-31 steel balls with several gear oil formulations using a 4-ball tester under accelerated test conditions. From the fatigue data generated Weibull plots are made and rolling fatigue lives L1o, Lso, characteristic life r] are determined for all the gear oils. Theoretical estimation of lubricant film thickness at the contact of surfaces for each gear oils is made. An attempt was made to assess the influence of film thickness on fatigue lives of steel balls. KEYWORDS Rolling fatigue lives, gear oils, 4-ball machine, weibull plot, film thicknes

DEVELOPMENT OF MULTIPURPOSE ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY LUBRICATING GREASE

The paper reports the work carried on the development of multipurpose grease using vegetable oil and a by-product (residual oil). This includes formulations and relevant tribological performance parameters. The studies resulted in two potential candidates as multipurpose grease formulations

SYNTHETIC POLYOL ESTERS: POTENTIAL BASE STOCKS FOR THEIR USE IN DEVELOPMENT OF ECO-FRIENDL Y CUTTING OILS

Today's metal working lubricants referred to cutting or grinding fluids are for different from those considered to be the ultimate in performance only few years ago. As nowadays advancement of technology and awareness has led to find eco-friendly and better performance products for use. Synthetic esters are used as environment~lIy acceptable fluids in high performance lubricants as having a very good low temperature behavior, high thermo oxidative stability of some types, very high VI, good anti-wear and low evaporation properties. In recent past, esters have been used successfully in lubrication and are the preferred base stocks in many severe applications. As synthetic polyol esters have excellent cooling properties, low viscosity and they present no rancidity problem. Keeping this in view polyol esters from polyol (Cs) and mono carboxyl acids (C8-C9) were synthesized and characterized for their physico-chemical and lubricity properties. Some of the polyol esters were found to be suitable base stocks for neat cutting oil. The paper highlights the results of the studies

STUDY OF SYNTHETIC ESTERS FOR THEIR INFLUENCE ON FATIGUE LIFE OF EN-31 STEEL

The fatigue life of machine components in repeated rolling contact is influenced by their material properties as well as by the lubricant used therein. The importance of material in design of such components has been wellrecognize, d vis-a -vis their fatigue behaviors. However, the lubricant has generally remained neglected even though it can greatly influence the fatigue lives of these components. In view of this the studies on fatigue behavior of lubricants have beencarried out. A study was made with synthetic esters derived from vegetable oils as base stock and commercial gear oil additives of different chemical structures for their influence on the rolling contact fatigue lives of EN-31 steel balls in a four ball machine. From the fatigue test data, the mean test time of failures (MTTF) was determined. The paper summarizes the results obtained and the synergestic and antagonic effects on synthetic base oils derived from vegetableoils

Deriving optimal weather pattern definitions for the representation of precipitation variability over India

This study utilizes cluster analysis to produce sets of weather patterns for the Indian subcontinent. These patterns have been developed with future applications in mind; specifically relating to the occurrence of high-impact weather and meteorologically induced hazards such as landslides. The weather patterns are also suited for use within probabilistic medium- to long-range weather pattern forecasting tools driven by ensemble prediction systems. A total of 192 sets of weather patterns have been generated by varying the parameter which is clustered, the spatial domain and the number of weather patterns. Non-hierarchical k-means clustering was applied to daily 1200 UTC ERA-Interim reanalysis data between 1979 and 2016 using pressure at mean sea level (PMSL) and u- and v-component winds at 10-m, 925-hPa and 850-hPa. The resultant weather pattern sets (clusters) were analysed for their ability to represent the main climatic precipitation patterns over India using the explained variation score. Weather patterns generated using 850-hPa winds are among the most representative, with 30 patterns being enough to represent variability within different phases of the Indian climate. For example, several weather pattern variants are evident within the active monsoon, break monsoon and retreating monsoon. There are also several variants of weather patterns susceptible to western disturbances. These weather pattern variants are useful when it comes to identifying periods most susceptible to high-impact weather within a large-scale regime, such as identifying the most flood prone periods within the active monsoon. They hence have potentially many forecasting applications