Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

The trouts of the Mediterranean drainages of southern Anatolia, Turkey, with description of three new species (Teleostei: Salmonidae)

Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters233219-23

Two new species of trouts from the Euphrates drainage, Turkey (teleostei: Salmonidae)

Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters243275-28

Two new species of trouts from the Euphrates drainage, Turkey (teleostei: Salmonidae)

Salmo okumusi, new species, is described from western tributaries of the Euphrates River. It is distinguished by a greyish body, with the flank and back covered by numerous irregularly shaped small black spots and dots, imparting a peppered or slightly marmorated appearance; few to numerous red spots on body, organized in two to six irregular longitudinal rows on middle part of flank, each red spot usually comprising three or four smaller red dots wholly or partially coalescent; adipose fin grey, conspicuously coloured, with three or four red to orange spots on its free edge; 103-112 lateral line scales; 26-28 scales rows between lateral line and dorsal-fin origin; 18-21 scale rows between anal-fin origin and lateral line; length of maxilla 8.7-9.6 % SL in males, 8.1-9.1 in females. Salmo euphrataeus, new species, is described from northeastern tributaries of the Euphrates River. It is distinguished by a brownish body in life; few (4-54) black spots on body, restricted to back (usually missing in predorsal area) and upper part of flank, mostly anteriorly; few (13-53) red spots on body, usually organized in two to five irregular longitudinal rows on median and lower part of flanks; adipose fin almost reaching base of caudal fin in males larger than 210 mm SL, without or with up to three red or orange spots on free edge; 112-120 lateral line scales; 28-31 scale rows between lateral line and dorsal-fin origin; 20-24 scale rows between anal-fin origin and lateral line; length of maxilla 9.6-11.4 % SL in males, 8.4-10.2 in females

Two new species of trouts, resident and migratory, sympatric in streams of northern anatolia (Salmoniformes: Salmonidae)

Sahno rizeensis, new species, is described from the upper part of streams and rivers draining to the south and southeastern Black Sea, and S. coruhensis, new species, from the lower and the middle part of the streams and rivers of the same area. Salmo rizeensis is distinguished by a small size (maximum known size 250 mm SL); a single conspicuous black spot behind eye; black spots on the back and upper part of flank; no black spot on the middle part of body in specimens larger than 200 mm SL; red spots few, organised in three or four irregular rows on middle part of body, distinctly ocellated; maxilla long and narrow. Salino coruhensis is distinguished by a large size (maximum size up to at least 800 mm SL); 4-17 black spots behind eye (cheek and preopercle) in large adult males; black spots on back, flank and middle part of body in males larger than 200 mm, very few in females smaller than 300 mm SL; number of black and red spots increasing with increasing size (not increasing in S. rizeensis); red spots in median part of body, surrounded by irregularly shaped white ring; maxilla short and narrow. The two species occur in sympatry in several streams, and occasionally in syntopy. Molecular analyses (nuclear [ITS1] and mitochondrial genes [cytochrome b]) show that they belong to distinct lineages and support their specific distinctness. In our study, the resident trouts of different drainages are more closely related to each other than to the migratory ones in the same drainages, and vice versa. This contradicts the credo that resident and migratory trouts in a given stream are only 'forms' of the same species with different life histories. We do not extrapolate this to be the case in other drainages and for other species, but this calls for a more cautious treatment of the taxonomy, diversity and conservation of trouts at a local level. © 2009 by Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München, Germany

Luciobarbus kottelati, a new species of barbel (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from the Büyük Menderes River, Turkey, with rediagnose of L. lydianus

Luciobarbus kottelati, new species, is described from the River Büyük Menderes, Aegean Sea drainage, Turkey. It is distinguished from all other species of Luciobarbus in Europe and western Anatolia by the pelvic-fin origin markedly in front of the dorsal-fin origin (vs. behind). Luciobarbus lydianus, considered to be a synonym of L. pectoralis by most recent authors is a valid species and is rediagnosed. Copyright © 2008 Magnolia Press

Luciobarbus kottelati, a new species of barbel (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from the Büyük Menderes River, Turkey, with rediagnose of L. lydianus

Luciobarbus kottelati, new species, is described from the River Büyük Menderes, Aegean Sea drainage, Turkey. It is distinguished from all other species of Luciobarbus in Europe and western Anatolia by the pelvic-fin origin markedly in front of the dorsal-fin origin (vs. behind). Luciobarbus lydianus, considered to be a synonym of L. pectoralis by most recent authors is a valid species and is rediagnosed. Copyright © 2008 Magnolia Press

Age, growth and fecundity of the turkish brook lamprey, eudontomyzon lanceolata (kux & steiner, 1972), in north-eastern turkey: (Petromyzontiformes: Petromyzontidae)

The age, growth and fecundity of the Turkish Brook Lamprey, Eudontomyzon lanceolata (Kux & Steiner, 1972), was studied at İyidere stream in the Black Sea region of Turkey. The total length values varied between 2.0 and 17.3 cm (average 11.38 cm), and the total weight values between 0.02 and 9.4 g (average 2.57 g). The sex ratio (female:male) was 1:1.16. Larvae start their metamorphosis after they reach 2 years, and metamorphosis extends over 3 years. It begins at the end of summer. Metamorphosis was observed in individuals longer than 13 cm, but even some larger individuals showed larval characteristics. Females in 4th year sampled between March and May had ovaries full of eggs. The absolute fecundity was found to be on average 1898.5 eggs/female. No individuals who had already laid eggs were found. © Kasparek Verlag, Heidelberg