Estimation of Nuclear DNA Content in Some Aegilops Species: Best Analyzed Using Flow Cytometry

The genera Triticum and Aegilops have been considered as the main gene pool of wheat due to their features, such as tolerance of all types of abiotic and biotic stresses. This study was conducted to evaluate the cytogenetic analyses in 115 native and wild populations from eleven Aegilops species using their nuclear DNA quantification. Mean 2C nuclear DNA contents of different ploidy levels in the wild wheat of Turkey and Iran were measured using the flow cytometry technique. The obtained results showed that the mean nuclear DNA content in diploid species varied from 10.09 pg/2C (Ae. umbellulata) to 10.95 pg/2C (Ae. speltoides var. ligustica) in Turkey. In Iranian diploids, the mean nuclear DNA content varied from 10.20 pg/2C (Ae. taushii) to 11.56 pg/2C (Ae. speltoides var. ligustica). This index in the tetraploid species of Turkey varied from 18.09 pg/2C (Ae. cylindrica) to 21.65 pg/2C (Ae. triaristata), and in Iranian species, it was from 18.61 pg/2C (Ae. cylindrica) to 21.75 pg/2C (Ae. columnaris). On the other hand, in the hexaploid species of Turkey, this index varied from 31.59 pg/2C (Ae. crassa) to 31.81 pg/2C (Ae. cylindrica); in the Iranian species, it varied from 32.58 pg/2C (Ae. cylindrica) to 33.97 pg/2C (Ae. crassa). There was a significant difference in the DNA content of Turkey and Iran diploid as well as tetraploid species; however, in hexaploid species, the difference was not significant. It was concluded that the variation in intraspecific genome size was very low in diploid and tetraploid populations; this means that the low variation is not dependent on geographic and climatic parameters. On the other hand, the interspecific variation is significant at the diploid and tetraploid populations. It is generally very difficult to distinguish Aegilops species from each other in natural conditions; meanwhile, in this study, all species could be, easily, quickly and unambiguously, distinguished and separated using the FCM technique

Analysis of Nuclear DNA Content and Karyotype of Phaseolus vulgaris L.

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), whose annual production is 26 million tons worldwide, is one of the main sources of protein and is known as one of the most important food sources. In this study, the karyotype variations and the genome size of four common bean genotypes in Turkey were investigated to determine whether the geographic variables in these regions affected the genome size and the karyotype parameters. In addition, it is known that as that the cytological and chromosomal parameters change under the influence of the climatic conditions of each region, appropriate and stable cytological methods for each plant facilitate and enable the determination of the chromosomal structure and the identification of specific chromosomes in the genotypes of the relevant region. Correct and valuable information such as this enables breeders and researchers to determine the correct shape and actual size of chromosomes. The genome size of the genotypes was measured with a flow cytometer, and chromosome analyses were performed with the squash method. For each genotype, the karyotype parameters, such as the number of somatic chromosomes, the Mean Total Chromosome Length (MTCL), the Mean Centromere Index (MCI), and the Mean Arm Ratio (MAR), were measured. The results showed that the highest and the lowest amounts of DNA per nucleus (3.28 pg and 1.49 pg) were observed in the Bitlis and Elaziğ genotypes. In addition, all genotype chromosome numbers were counted to be 2n = 2x = 22. The Mean Total Chromosome Length varied from 15.65 µm in Elaziğ to 34.24 µm in the Bitlis genotype. The Mean Chromosome Length ranged between 1.42 µm and 3.11 µm in the Elaziğ and Bitlis genotypes. The Hakkari and Van genotypes consist of eleven metacentric chromosomes, while the Bitlis and Elaziğ genotypes consist of ten metacentric chromosomes and one sub-metacentric chromosome. However, the Mean Centromere Index and Arm Ratio differed considerably among the genotypes. The highest (46.88) and the lowest (43.18) values of the Mean Centromere Index were observed in the Hakkari and Elaziğ genotypes, respectively. On the other hand, the lowest (1.15) and the highest (1.36) values of the Mean Arm Ratio were obtained in the Bitlis and Elaziğ genotypes, respectively. Eventually, intraspecies variations in genome size and chromosomal parameters were observed, and it was determined that the changes in nuclear DNA content and different chromosomal parameters among the four Phaseolus genotypes from four different regions of Turkey indicate the effect of climate change in the regions on these parameters. Such information in these areas can be used as useful information for the improvement of this plant and breeding programs

Analysis of Nuclear DNA Content and Karyotype of Phaseolus vulgaris L.

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), whose annual production is 26 million tons worldwide, is one of the main sources of protein and is known as one of the most important food sources. In this study, the karyotype variations and the genome size of four common bean genotypes in Turkey were investigated to determine whether the geographic variables in these regions affected the genome size and the karyotype parameters. In addition, it is known that as that the cytological and chromosomal parameters change under the influence of the climatic conditions of each region, appropriate and stable cytological methods for each plant facilitate and enable the determination of the chromosomal structure and the identification of specific chromosomes in the genotypes of the relevant region. Correct and valuable information such as this enables breeders and researchers to determine the correct shape and actual size of chromosomes. The genome size of the genotypes was measured with a flow cytometer, and chromosome analyses were performed with the squash method. For each genotype, the karyotype parameters, such as the number of somatic chromosomes, the Mean Total Chromosome Length (MTCL), the Mean Centromere Index (MCI), and the Mean Arm Ratio (MAR), were measured. The results showed that the highest and the lowest amounts of DNA per nucleus (3.28 pg and 1.49 pg) were observed in the Bitlis and Elaziğ genotypes. In addition, all genotype chromosome numbers were counted to be 2n = 2x = 22. The Mean Total Chromosome Length varied from 15.65 µm in Elaziğ to 34.24 µm in the Bitlis genotype. The Mean Chromosome Length ranged between 1.42 µm and 3.11 µm in the Elaziğ and Bitlis genotypes. The Hakkari and Van genotypes consist of eleven metacentric chromosomes, while the Bitlis and Elaziğ genotypes consist of ten metacentric chromosomes and one sub-metacentric chromosome. However, the Mean Centromere Index and Arm Ratio differed considerably among the genotypes. The highest (46.88) and the lowest (43.18) values of the Mean Centromere Index were observed in the Hakkari and Elaziğ genotypes, respectively. On the other hand, the lowest (1.15) and the highest (1.36) values of the Mean Arm Ratio were obtained in the Bitlis and Elaziğ genotypes, respectively. Eventually, intraspecies variations in genome size and chromosomal parameters were observed, and it was determined that the changes in nuclear DNA content and different chromosomal parameters among the four Phaseolus genotypes from four different regions of Turkey indicate the effect of climate change in the regions on these parameters. Such information in these areas can be used as useful information for the improvement of this plant and breeding programs

Internet gaming disorder and problematic internet use: the links between cyber-bullying, aggression, loneliness and psychiatric comorbidities

Aims: To compare adolescents clinically diagnosed with Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) and problematic internet use (PIU) in terms of cyberbullying, aggression, and loneliness. Methods: Male adolescent patients (N=124, 14.3±1.7 years) with Internet Addiction Scale (IAS) scores ≥50 were clinically interviewed for IGD in utilizing DSM-5 criteria. Patients without full IGD criteria were included as PIU comparisons. Clinical variables were assessed using the second version of the Revised Cyber Bullying Inventory, short-form of the UCLA Loneliness Scale, Buss Perry Aggression Questionnaire, Child Depression Inventory, and Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders. Results: Compared to individuals with PIU, those with IGD were significantly more likely to have attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, higher social phobia scores, higher cyberbullying scores, higher loneliness scores, been a cyberbully, and been a cyberbully victim. Conclusion: Male adolescents with IGD have higher rates of psychiatric comorbidity, perceived loneliness, cyberbullying, and being a victim of cyberbullying than those with PIU. Future studies could evaluate these predictors of transition from PIU to IGD in large cohort samples

Determination of nutritional and chemical composition of some edible wild plants used in herby cheese

Same as in many parts of the world, many edible weeds belonging to different families that have not been cultured in Turkey are traditionally used in the making of many foods. In this study, minerals and nutrients of six edible wild plant species belonging to the Liliaceae family, which are currently used in the production of herby cheese in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey, were determined. The determination of these macro- and micro-minerals was performed on ICP-AES and UV Visible spectrophotometers. As a result of the study, major differences were discovered between these plant species in terms of the mineral content (Na, Mg, K, s, Ca, P, Fr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr, and Co) and nutrient properties (total ash, crude fibre, pH, N, and crude protein). Except for the Allium schoenoprasum species, all plant samples were found to be rich in many important minerals, such as Fe, Cu, Ca, K, Mn, and Zn, which are known to be vital for human health. The concentrations of these minerals and a few heavy metals in plant samples were found in the following ranges: 17.25 - 25.47 mg kg-1 for copper, 18.45 - 34.14 mg kg-1 for zinc, 33.42 - 98.42 mg kg-1 for manganese, 0.12 - 0.54 mg kg-1 for chromium, 0.31 - 1.61 mg kg-1 cobalt. Many significant correlations were found among the parameters analysed. The study presents essential results on the availability of some vital minerals that could be useful or harmful to consumers, in order to provide dietary information for designing value-added foods

Effect of Humic Acid Applications on Physiological and Biochemical Properties of Soybean (Glycine max L.) Grown under Salt Stress Conditions

In the study, humic acid was applied to soybean (Glycine max L.), which has high economic value and importance, to determine the tolerance level of the plant against salt stress, and physical and chemical changes in the plant were observed. The study was carried out in the climate room of Van Yuzuncu Yil University Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops in 2019. In the research, İlksoy soybean variety was used. The experiment was carried out in 4 factorial orders according to the factorial experiment was designed based on Completely Randomized Design. In the research, four different Humic acid doses (0, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm) and 3 different NaCl salt doses (0, 125 and 250 mM) were used. In the study, root length, stem length, root fresh weight, stem fresh weight, root dry weight, stem dry weight, leaf area, chlorophyll content, ion leakage in leaf tissues, lipid peroxidation level (MDA), relative water content and membrane resistance index in leaf tissues were determined. Properties such as index were also examined. As a result of the study, the longest root was 38 cm for the control plots that salt and humic acid didn’t apply to the plants. The highest root fresh weight was 2.08 g and the stem fresh weight was 1.87 g of the plots where 500 ppm humic acid dose applied. In addition, the plants with the highest chlorophyll ratio was 51.05 under 250 mM salt applied without humic acid application

Nutrient content of three edible wild plants from polygonaceae family

Polygonaceae family has some important species which grow wild in Turkey. These species have been consumed commonly as raw in salads, cooked as a meal and used as medicinal purposes in folkloric medicine. In this study, nutritional value and mineral compositions of used parts of some plants from Polygonaceae family that grows wild in Van district of Eastern Anatolia, Turkey were determined. Rheum ribes L., Rumex acetosella L. and Rumex scutatus L. were the investigated species. As nutritional value, dry matter, total ash, N %, % crude protein, % crude fibre and pH were determined. Also, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Pb, S and Zn were investigated in plant samples. According to the results, species studied had different chemical compositions. Rheum ribes L. and Rumex scutatus L. had richer chemical composition than Rumex acetosella L.. In general, these edible wild species from Polygonaceae family could be useful and safe for human consumption and health

THE EFFECTS OF NITROGEN AND SULPHUR FERTILIZERS ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF FENUGREEK (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)

WOS: 000292018300012This study was conducted to determine the effects of nitrogen and sulphur applications on the yield and quality of fenugreek in Van, Turkey in 2006 and 2007 growing seasons. Field trials were designed in Completely Randomized Block Design with three replications at the experimental fields of Agricultural Faculty of Yuzuncu Yil University. In the study, plant height (cm), the number of branches (branch plant(-1)), first pod height (cm), the number of pods (pod plant(-1)), the number of seeds in the pod (seed pod(-1)), pod length (cm), thousand-seed weight (g), seed yield (kg ha(-1)), protein content (%) and protein yield (kg ha(-1)) were determined. The all growth and yield parameters except for thousand seed weight were significantly affected by nitrogen fertilization. All the parameters except for the number of branches, pod length and thousand seed weight were affected by sulphur fertilization.The highest seed yields (853.0 and 815 kg ha(-1)) were obtained from 90 kg N ha(-1) and 20 kg S ha(-1) applications in 2006 and 2007, respectively. The highest protein content (24.2 %) was obtained from 90 kg N ha(-1) and 40 kg S ha(-1) applications in both experimental years

Biofertilizer Application Enhances Drought Stress Tolerance and Alters the Antioxidant Enzymes in Medicinal Pumpkin (<i>Cucurbita pepo</i> convar. pepo var. <i>Styriaca</i>)

The effects of mycorrhiza, Thiobacillus and Nitroxin (Azotobacter and Azospirillum sp.) biofertilizers under drought stress conditions with four levels of field capacity (FC) (control(100%), 85%, 70%, and 50%) on the antioxidant enzyme activities of medicinal pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo convar. pepo var. Styriaca) were evaluated during the years 2018–2019. Irrigation levels exhibited significant effects on all studied variables, except for the catalase (CAT) enzyme. A significant correlation was observed between the effects of irrigation levels and biofertilizers on antioxidant enzymes, soluble protein content, and grain yield. The highest activity of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymes was achieved using mycorrhiza in 50% FC. Increasing drought intensity and mycorrhiza stimulated glutathione reductase (GR) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activities by 32% and 66%, while Nitroxin increased them by 16% and 43%, respectively. Under severe drought stress conditions, only mycorrhiza exhibited a positive effect on GR and GPX enzymes. Under moderate and severe drought stress conditions, Nitroxin increased grain yield by 13% and 12.6%, respectively. The irrigation regimes and bio-fertilizers had a significant effect on β-sitosterol percentage. The highest amount was observed at the highest level of drought stress. Among the various bio-fertilizers treatments, the application of Thiobacillus yielded the highest percentage of β-sitosterol. The results of the present study demonstrate that the application of biofertilizers is beneficial in coping with drought stress

Effects of Vermicompost, Compost and Animal Manure on Vegetative Growth, Physiological and Antioxidant Activity Characteristics of Thymus vulgaris L. under Water Stress

This study investigated the effect of organic fertilizers on vegetative growth and the physiological and antioxidant activity characteristics of thyme plants grown under stress. A factorial experiment was conducted according to randomized complete block design with 12 combinations and 3 replications in the 2018 growing season. The experiment factors were the implementation of organic fertilizers at 4 levels (vermicompost, manure compost, animal manure, and control) and irrigation regime at 3 levels (Irr1, Irr2, and Irr3, respectively, irrigation after 60, 90, and 120 mm evaporation from A pan). The results showed that With delayed irrigation, the chlorophyll a and b contents, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid decreased, while the application of low water stress enhanced the amount of oil and the oil yield with the respective highest values of 2.61% and 3.68 g/m under mild stress conditions. Nonetheless, higher values for the aforementioned properties were noted with the application of vermicompost. Water deficit decreased nutrient uptake (K, P, and N) and relative water content, biological yield, and seed yield of thyme, indicating that thyme was sensitive to drought, and organic fertilizers application improved nutrient uptake (K, P, and N) and relative water content, biological yield and seed yield of the plant within irrigation levels. The activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase were reduced under organic fertilizers such as vermicompost and manure compost as compared with control under drought stress. The plants of thyme showed a good response to organic fertilizers under water deficit circumstances, with vermicompost being the most effective