8 research outputs found
Refugia loistorjunnan osana lammastiloilla
Lampaiden loisten lÀÀkeaineresistenssi on yleistymÀssÀ kÀytössÀ oleville loishÀÀtölÀÀkkeille. LÀÀkeaineresistenssin todennÀköisyyttÀ lisÀÀ lÀÀkeaineiden jatkuva kÀyttö ilman kunnollisia loishÀÀtösuunnitelmia tai loishÀÀtötapoja, joilla resistenssin kehittymistÀ voitaisiin hidastaa. Loiset, jotka selviÀvÀt lÀÀkeaineiden vaikutuksesta, pÀÀsevÀt lisÀÀntymÀÀn ja niiden jÀlkelÀiset selviÀvÀt todennÀköisemmin loishÀÀtölÀÀkkeistÀ. TÀysin uusien lÀÀkeaineiden kehittÀminen on hidasta, joten tÀytyy löytÀÀ vaihtoehtoisia tapoja loishÀÀtöön. LoishÀÀdön tavoitteena on saada loistaakat pysymÀÀn pieninÀ ja samalla hidastaa lÀÀkeaineresistenssin kehittymistÀ.
Yksi vaihtoehto on kÀyttÀÀ loishÀÀdössÀ apuna refugiaa. Refugialla tarkoitetaan sitÀ osaa loispopulaatiosta, johon ei kohdisteta valintapainetta loishÀÀtölÀÀkkeillÀ. JÀtettÀessÀ osa loispopulaatiosta refugiaan, lampaat voivat saada loishÀÀdön jÀlkeen tartunnan loisista, joihin lÀÀkeaineet eivÀt ole vaikuttaneet. TÀllöin lÀÀkkeille resistenttien loisten jÀlkelÀiset eivÀt pÀÀse leviÀmÀÀn lammaslaumassa. Refugiaa voidaan kÀyttÀÀ usealla eri tavalla. Osa lampaista voidaan jÀttÀÀ lÀÀkitsemÀttÀ erilaisten indikaattorien perusteella tai lampaat voidaan pitÀÀ kontaminoituneella laitumella loishÀÀdön jÀlkeen, jolloin laitumen loiset toimivat refugiana.
Kirjallisuuskatsauksessa pyrin vertailemaan loishÀÀdettÀvien lampaiden valintaan kÀytettÀviÀ indikaattoreita. Pyrin myös selvittÀmÀÀn, kuinka suuri osa laumasta on tarkoituksenmukaista jÀttÀÀ lÀÀkitsemÀttÀ. Erilaisia indikaattorivaihtoehtoja ovat esimerkiksi pÀivÀkasvun ja kuntoluokan seuranta, anemian voimakkuuden mÀÀrittÀminen, ulosteiden koostumuksen tarkkailu ja loisten munien laskeminen ulostenÀytteistÀ. On syytÀ muistaa, ettÀ oireilevat yksilöt tÀytyy aina hoitaa. Tarkin keino mÀÀrittÀÀ loishÀÀtöÀ tarvitsevat lampaat on tutkia lampaiden ulosteista madon munien mÀÀrÀ grammassa ulostetta. Jokaisen lampaan tutkiminen erikseen ei ole taloudellisesti kannattavaa. Eri menetelmin on pyritty mÀÀrittÀmÀÀn kuinka monta ulostenÀytettÀ olisi syytÀ tutkia lammaslaumasta, jotta pystyttÀisiin arvioimaan lauman loishÀÀdön tarve.
Kirjallisuuskatsauksessa kÀyn lÀpi tutkimuksia, joissa on mÀÀritetty lampureiden halukkuutta jÀttÀÀ osa laumasta lÀÀkitsemÀttÀ. Loistartunnat ovat yksi yleisimmistÀ ongelmista lampailla ja voivat aiheuttaa tilalliselle isoja taloudellisia tappioita. On ymmÀrrettÀvÀÀ, ettÀ tuottajat epÀilevÀt refugian kÀyttöÀ. Tutkimusten mukaan lampurit harvoin mieltÀvÀt loisten resistenssiÀ oman alueensa ongelmaksi, vaikka asia olisi tutkimuksin todettu. Tutkimuksissa on havaittu lampureiden olevan halukkaampia kÀyttÀmÀÀn refugiaa, jos he saavat neuvoja suoraan elÀinlÀÀkÀreiltÀ tai maatalousneuvojilta. On tarpeen luoda hyvÀ neuvontaverkosto lammastilallisia varten, jotta saadaan levitettyÀ tietoa loishÀÀtötapojen muuttamisen tÀrkeydestÀ.
Vuonna 2015 voimaan tulleissa hyvinvointikorvausvaatimuksissa edellytetÀÀn ammattilaisen tekemÀÀ tilakohtaista loishÀÀtösuunnitelmaa. Refugian mahdollisuudet on syytÀ tuoda elÀinlÀÀkÀreiden ja neuvojien tietoisuuteen, jotta jo loishÀÀtösuunnitelmia tehtÀessÀ voitaisiin panostaa lÀÀkeaineresistenssin kehittymisen hidastamiseen
Cardiovascular autonomic nervous system function and aerobic capacity in type 1 diabetes
Peer reviewe
A family based tailored counselling to increase non-exercise physical activity in adults with a sedentary job and physical activity in their young children: design and methods of a year-long randomized controlled trial
Background.
Epidemiological evidence suggests that decrease in sedentary behaviour is beneficial for health. This family based randomized controlled trial examines whether face-to-face delivered counselling is effective in reducing sedentary time and improving health in adults and increasing moderate-to-vigorous activities in children.
Methods.
The families are randomized after balancing socioeconomic and environmental factors in the JyvÀskylÀ region, Finland. Inclusion criteria are: healthy men and women with children 3-8 years old, and having an occupation where they self-reportedly sit more than 50% of their work time and children in all-day day-care in kindergarten or in the first grade in primary school. Exclusion criteria are: body mass index > 35 kg/m2, self-reported chronic, long-term diseases, families with pregnant mother at baseline and children with disorders delaying motor development.
From both adults and children accelerometer data is collected five times a year in one week periods. In addition, fasting blood samples for whole blood count and serum metabonomics, and diurnal heart rate variability for 3 days are assessed at baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months follow-up from adults. Quadriceps and hamstring muscle activities providing detailed information on muscle inactivity will be used to realize the maximum potential effect of the intervention. Fundamental motor skills from children and body composition from adults will be measured at baseline, and at 6 and 12 months follow-up. Questionnaires of family-influence-model, health and physical activity, and dietary records are assessed. After the baseline measurements the intervention group will receive tailored counselling targeted to decrease sitting time by focusing on commute and work time. The counselling regarding leisure time is especially targeted to encourage toward family physical activities such as visiting playgrounds and non-built environments, where children can get diversified stimulation for play and practice fundamental of motor skills. The counselling will be reinforced during the first 6 months followed by a 6-month maintenance period.
Discussion.
If shown to be effective, this unique family based intervention to improve lifestyle behaviours in both adults and children can provide translational model for community use. This study can also provide knowledge whether the lifestyle changes are transformed into relevant biomarkers and self-reported health.
Trial registration number.
ISRCTN: ISRCTN28668090peerReviewe
An example of RR interval time series (500 intervals) measured during supine rest and during low intensity exercise.
<p>An example of RR interval time series (500 intervals) measured during supine rest and during low intensity exercise.</p
Heart rate and heart rate dynamics during steady state exercise.
<p>Heart rate (HR, A), standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN, B), high frequency power (HFP, C) and HR complexity index for the scales 1 to 2 (CI<sub>1â2</sub>, D) measured at baseline (0) and after 10 and 21 weeks of endurance (E), strength (S) or combined strength and endurance training (SE) and in the control group (C). *significant change (P<0.05) compared to the baseline, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.</p
Mean (95% confidence interval) for selected HRV indices at rest before (pre), and after 21 weeks of training (post) in the endurance, strength, combined strength and endurance training, and control group.
<p>HR, heart rate; SDNN, standard deviation of NN intervals; HFP, high frequency power; LFP low frequency power; LFP/HFP, ratio between LFP and HFP; CI<sub>1â5</sub>, complexity index of multiscale entropy analysis over the scales of 1 to 5. Statistically significant changes were not observed.</p
Individual and the mean changes in the HR complexity index.
<p>The index for the scales 1 to 2 (CI<sub>1â2</sub>) was measured during steady state exercise at baseline (pre) and after 21 weeks in the endurance training (E), combined strength and endurance training (SE), strength training (S) and the control (C) group. **significant change (P<0.01) compared to the baseline.</p
Heart rate dynamics after combined strength and endurance training in middle-aged women: Heterogeneity of responses.
The loss of complexity in physiological systems may be a dynamical biomarker of aging and disease. In this study the effects of combined strength and endurance training compared with those of endurance training or strength training alone on heart rate (HR) complexity and traditional HR variability indices were examined in middle-aged women. 90 previously untrained female volunteers between the age of 40 and 65 years completed a 21 week progressive training period of either strength training, endurance training or their combination, or served as controls. Continuous HR time series were obtained during supine rest and submaximal steady state exercise. The complexity of HR dynamics was assessed using multiscale entropy analysis. In addition, standard time and frequency domain measures were also computed. Endurance training led to increases in HR complexity and selected time and frequency domain measures of HR variability (P<0.01) when measured during exercise. Combined strength and endurance training or strength training alone did not produce significant changes in HR dynamics. Inter-subject heterogeneity of responses was particularly noticeable in the combined training group. At supine rest, no training-induced changes in HR parameters were observed in any of the groups. The present findings emphasize the potential utility of endurance training in increasing the complex variability of HR in middle-aged women. Further studies are needed to explore the combined endurance and strength training adaptations and possible gender and age related factors, as well as other mechanisms, that may mediate the effects of different training regimens on HR dynamics.peerReviewe