Efeitos e segurança do uso pré-operatório de glutamina ou Whey Protein: Uma revisão sistemática

Background and Aim: Prolonged fasting increases postoperative insulin resistance, complicating surgical convalescence. Carbohydrate oral load 2 hours before surgery reduces unfavorable clinical outcomes. Would adding glutamine or whey protein to this solution be safe and could the patients have even greater benefits? Methods: Systematic review made from two databases using the following Medical Subject Headings: preoperative care or preoperative period associated with glutamine and then with whey protein. A total of 160 articles were found. After applying search filters and exclusion criteria, 16 articles were included in the present review. Results: All articles included are randomized clinical trials. Among those evaluating safety, none found adverse events or increased anesthesia risk when using glutamine or whey protein. Articles that investigated efficacy showed a reduction in insulin resistance and in inflammatory mediators and an increase in serum proteins and total antioxidant capacity in those who used the protein solution. Few authors could relate these laboratory findings to optimized clinical outcomes, except for two that used preoperative glutamine before cardiac surgery. Conclusion: Preoperative glutamine or whey protein has shown safety and postoperative laboratory benefits. Studies still need to be able to demonstrate greater clinical recovery when using preoperative protein

Frequency of nutritional disorders and their risk factors among children attending 13 nurseries in São Paulo, Brazil. A cross-sectional study.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Nutritional disorders are associated with health problems earlier in life. The objective here was to estimate the frequency of nutritional disorders and their risk factors among children. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study in nurseries at 13 day-care centers in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: The mothers of 482 children were interviewed, with anthropometry on these children. Children whose anthropometric indices for weight and height were greater than two standard deviations were considered to have nutritional disorders. RESULTS: Children in families with lower per capita income (odds ratio [OR]: 2.25; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.08-4.67) and who presented neonatal risk (OR 8.08; 95% CI: 2.29-28.74), had incomplete vaccinations (OR 3.44; 95% CI: 1.15-10.31) or were male (OR 3.73; 95% CI: 1.63-8.56) were more likely to be malnourished. Children in families with lower per capita income were also less likely to be overnourished (OR 0.40; 95% CI: 0.19-0.88). Children who were exclusively breastfed for less than two months (OR 2.95; 95% CI: 1.35-6.44) or who were male (OR 2.18; 95% CI: 1.02-4.65) were also at greater risk of being overnourished. Children who presented neonatal risk (OR 3.41; 95% CI: 1.04-11.23), had incomplete vaccinations (OR 3.18; 95% CI: 1.307.76), or were male (OR 2.76; 95% CI: 1.56-4.90) were more likely to have a nutritional disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional disorders remain present in children attending nurseries in São Paulo. Actions should focus on boys, children who were exclusively breastfed for less than two months and those without up-to-date vaccinations

Effects of prebiotics (oligosaccharides) use on child's health

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of prebiotics (oligosaccharides) in child health, their applications and possible mechanisms of action. DATA SOURCE: The articles for this review were electronically selected from the Biblioteca Regional de Medicina (Bireme) virtual library database, which includes Lilacs, Medline and SciELO databases. Search included articles on the subject from 1998 to 2008 comprising children up to 12 years old. DATA SYNTHESIS: The prebiotic oligosaccharides in food products provided beneficial effects that included increase in total number of bifidobacteria, reduction in the number of pathogenic intestinal microorganisms; improvement of excrement consistency and in the frequency of evacuations These effects suggest their recommendation for constipated children. Beneficial results were verified in several studies concerning the reduction of allergies development, respiratory infections, fever, irritability, flatulence, diarrhea, regurgitation, vomits, colic, cry and use of antibiotics, with improvement of fermentation characteristics of fatty acids and fecal pH. Nevertheless, the number of studies found indicates the need for further investigation. Studies on calcium absorption were contradictory. Concerning tolerance, it is impossible to verify the safety of these products due to the use of diverse quantities of supplement for children from different age ranges and clinical characteristics CONCLUSIONS: Although prebiotics seem promising and provide beneficial effects in certain situations, they deserve further investigation to evaluate their actual efficacy and safety on immediate and long term conditions, in order to confirm the absence of harmful consequences for children's health.OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da utilização de prebióticos (oligossacarídeos) na saúde da criança, suas aplicações e os possíveis mecanismos envolvidos. FONTES DE DADOS: Os artigos para esta revisão foram selecionados das bases de dados virtuais de saúde da Biblioteca Regional de Medicina (Bireme), que incluem Lilacs, Medline e SciELO. Foram pesquisados artigos entre 1998 e 2008, compreendendo a faixa etária até 12 anos. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Os oligossacarídeos prebióticos em produtos alimentares demonstraram efeitos benéficos quanto ao aumento do número total de bifidobactérias, redução do número de microorganismos patogênicos no intestino e melhora da consistência das fezes e frequência das evacuações. Tais efeitos sugerem a recomendação de seu uso em crianças constipadas. Foram verificados resultados benéficos em diversos estudos quanto ao menor desenvolvimento de alergias, infecções respiratórias, febre, irritabilidade, flatulência, diarreia, regurgitação, vômito, cólica e choro, menor uso de antibióticos e melhora nas características de fermentação de ácidos graxos e pH fecal. Entretanto, o número de artigos encontrados aponta para a necessidade de realizar mais investigações. Estudos sobre absorção de cálcio foram contraditórios, não permitindo conclusões definitivas. Quanto à tolerância, foi evidenciado o uso de quantidades diversas de suplemento em crianças de diferentes faixas etárias e características clínicas, impossibilitando identificar a segurança desses produtos. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar dos prebióticos parecerem promissores e oferecerem efeitos benéficos em determinadas situações, alguns aspectos duvidosos devem ser investigados de forma a avaliar o real efeito e segurança de sua utilização em curto e longo prazo, a fim de comprovar a ausência de consequências prejudiciais à saúde da criança.UNIFESP-EPMUNIFESP-EPM Departamento de PediatriaUNIFESP, EPM, Depto. de PediatriaSciEL

Risk Factors for Anemia among Brazilian Infants from the 2006 National Demographic Health Survey

Iron deficiency is an important public health problem. An understanding of anemia risk factors is essential to informed health policies. We performed a cross-sectional study of 1,382 infants from the 2006 Brazilian National Survey on Demography and the Health of Women and Children. Mild and moderate anemia was characterised by hemoglobin levels below 11.0 and 9.5 g/dL, respectively. Rates for mild and moderate anemia were 25.9% and 9.9%, respectively. The logistic model included three risk factors for mild anemia—urban residence area (OR = 2.5; P = 0.004), fever in the past 2 weeks (OR = 2.4; P < 0.001), and age less than 12 months (OR = 1.7; P = 0.024). Strategies to control infant anemia should include health promotion and nutritional education for families from all socioeconomic levels. Lifestyle quality improvement based on adequate food consumption must be achieved by communities in all macroregions, and especially in urban areas

Prevalence and factors associated with overweight among Brazilian children younger than 2 years

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of overweight, analyze its progression from 1989 to 2006 and identify factors associated with it among children younger than two years in Brazil. METHODS: Data for the Women and Children National Demography and Health Survey (PNDS 2006) were collected using questionnaires and anthropometric measurements. The study sample included 1,735 children aged 0 to 24 months (910 boys; 825 girls). Nutritional status was defined according to the weight-for-height index (W/H; WHO, 2006), and children were classified as overweight if their W/H z score was greater than +2. RESULTS: Prevalence of overweight in Brazil was 6.54%. The highest prevalence of overweight was found in the southern (10.0%) and midwestern (11.1%) regions, among families with a per capita income higher than one minimum wage (11.8%), in social classes with a greater purchasing power (9.7%), among children whose birth weight was greater than 3 kg (8.04%) and whose exclusive breastfeeding lasted less than five months (7.4%). According to a fitted multiple logistic regression model, factors associated with overweight were: birth weight > 3 kg [odds ratio (OR) = 5.2, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 2.56-10.56], per capita income > 1 minimum wage (OR = 2.50, 95%CI 1.20-5.21), residence in midwestern region (OR = 2.40, 95%CI 1.01-5.72). CONCLUSIONS: The comparison of the prevalence found in the 2006 survey with the 1989 and 1996 values revealed that overweight among children younger than two years tends to decrease. The risk factors identified suggest that further actions should be conducted to prevent obesity among infants living in the midwestern region of Brazil, whose birth weight was greater than 3 kg and whose families had a per capita income higher than one minimum wage.OBJETIVO: Descrever a prevalência de excesso de peso obtida na Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da Criança e da Mulher de 2006, analisar sua evolução no período de 1989 a 2006 e identificar os fatores associados em crianças brasileiras menores de 2 anos. MÉTODOS: Dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da Criança e da Mulher de 2006. Informações obtidas por meio de questionários e mensurações antropométricas para subamostra de 1.735 crianças de 0 a 24 meses (910 meninos, 825 meninas). Excesso de peso foi definido como valor do indicador peso para altura (WHO, 2006) superior ao escore z +2. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de excesso de peso no país foi de 6,5%. Maiores prevalências foram observadas nas regiões Sul (10,0%) e Centro-Oeste (11,1%), nas famílias com renda per capita superior a um salário mínimo (11,8%), nas classes sociais de maior poder aquisitivo (9,7%), em crianças com peso ao nascer superior a 3 kg (8,04%) e com tempo de amamentação exclusiva inferior a 5 meses (7,4%). A regressão logística múltipla evidenciou como fatores associados: peso ao nascer > 3 kg [odds ratio (OR) = 5,20; intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) 2,56-10,56], renda per capita > um salário mínimo (OR = 2,50; IC95% 1,20-5,21) e residir na macrorregião Centro-Oeste (OR = 2,40; IC95% 1,01-5,72). CONCLUSÕES: Comparando a prevalência de 6,5% encontrada no inquérito de 2006 com os anteriores de 1989 e 1996, evidencia-se que o excesso de peso em menores de 2 anos apresenta tendência de decréscimo. Os fatores de risco identificados apontam para a necessidade de intensificar ações de prevenção da obesidade junto aos lactentes residentes na Região Centro-Oeste, aos nascidos com mais de 3 kg e aos pertencentes a famílias com renda per capita superior a um salário mínimo.UNIFESP Departamento de PediatriaCentro Universitário LusíadaUNICAMP Faculdade de Ciências Médicas Departamento de PediatriaUNIFESP, Depto. de PediatriaSciEL

Perceptions of day care center teachers about daily practices of infant feeding: the impact of training

This article stresses the importance of the qualification of professionals involved in thefeeding of children in daycare centers, such that they offeradequate food and programs are developed in order to fosterhealthy food habits in infantsfrom birth. Thus, the scope of this paper was to evaluate the impact of a training program for these daycare teachers in their perceptions and practicesin infant feeding. A qualitative approach was used to evaluate the impact of training, with the application of the focus grouptechnique. Sixteen groups were created, eight of whichwere daycare centerswith training and eight without training, the average number of participants being 6 to 11 per institution agedbetween 19 and 66. The discourse of the teachers who took part in the training program is replete with signs of small changes, or at least with the recognition that it is indeed necessary and possible to promote change. The importance of organizing and conducting training programs for the nutritional education of teachers inday care centersis emphasized, with the continuous supervision of the effects of the qualification as a strategy for infant health.O artigo apresenta a importância da capacitação dos profissionais envolvidos com alimentação das crianças em creches, para que estes ofereçam alimentos adequados e promovam ações para que os lactentes incorporem práticas alimentares saudáveis desde o nascimento. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o impacto de um treinamento de educadores de creches nas percepções e práticas acerca da alimentação infantil. Para avaliação do impacto do treinamento foi utilizada abordagem qualitativa, com aplicação da técnica do grupo focal. Foram realizados 16 grupos, sendo oito com as creches expostas ao treinamento e oito com as não-expostas, tendo em média de seis a 11 participantes por instituição, os quais apresentavam idades entre 19 e 66 anos. O discurso das educadoras que participaram do treinamento está pontuado de indícios de pequenas mudanças, ou pelo menos, de reconhecimento de que é preciso e possível mudar. Destaca-se a relevância de elaborar e executar programas de treinamento e educação nutricional para educadores de creches com supervisão contínua dos efeitos da capacitação como estratégia de saúde infantil.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de PediatriaUNIFESP, Depto. de PediatriaSciEL

Consumo de alimentos industrializados por lactentes matriculados em creches

Objective:To identify the age of introduction of petit suisse cheese and instant noodles in the diet of infants attending nurseries of public day care centers and to compare the nutritional composition of these foods with the healthy recommended diet (breast milk and salt meal) for this age, in order to estimate nutritional errors.Methods:Cross-sectional study of 366 children (from nine to 36 months old) who attended day care centers, whose mothers were interviewed about the age of introduction of those foods. The means of the nutrients indicated on the labels of the most consumed brands were considered. For the calculation of the percent composition of breast milk and salt meal, Tables of Food Composition were used. To assess the nutritional adequacy, we used the Dietary Reference Intakes by age group. The percentage of adequacy evaluation of the petit suisse cheese and the instant noodles nutritional compositions was made by comparing them with those of the human milk and the salt meal, respectively.Results:The petit suisse cheese and the instant noodles were consumed by 89.6 and 65.3% of the children in the first year of life. The percentages of adequacy for carbohydrates were more than twice and the percentages for sodium were 20 times higher than those found in the recommended foods.Conclusions:Both industrialized products are inappropriate for infants, emphasizing the need for adoption of norms that can inform health professionals, educators and parents about the risks of consumption.Objetivo:Identificar la edad de introducción del queso petit suisse y de la pasta instantánea en la dieta de lactantes matriculados en nidos de guarderías públicas/filantrópicas y comparar sus composiciones nutricionales con la alimentación recomendada para la edad (leche materna y comida salada), con el objetivo de estimar errores nutricionales.Métodos:Estudio transversal con 366 niños (de nueve a 36 meses) de nidos de guarderías, cuyas madres fueron entrevistadas sobre la edad de introducción de los alimentos. Se consideraron los promedios de nutrientes indicados en los rótulos de las marcas más consumidas. En el cálculo de la composición centesimal de la leche materna y de la comida salada se utilizaron las Tablas de Composición de Alimentos. Para evaluación de la adecuación nutricional, se utilizaron las Recomendaciones de Intesta Diaria por franja de edad. La evaluación de los porcentajes de adecuación de las composiciones nutricionales del petit suisse y de la pasta instantánea se hizo comparándolas con las de la leche materna y de la comida salada, respectivamente.Resultados:El petit suisse y la pasta instantánea fueron consumidos por 89,6 y 65,3% de los lactantes todavía en el primer año de vida. Los porcentajes de adecuación para carbohidrato fueron superiores a dos veces lo recomendado y los porcentajes de sodio, 20 veces superior a los encontrados en los alimentos recomendados.Conclusiones : Los dos productos industrializados son impropios para lactantes, subrayándose la necesidad de adopción de normatización que pueda informar a los profesionales de salud, los educadores y los padres sobre los riesgos del consumo.Objetivo:Identificar a idade de introdução do queijo petit suisse e do macarrão instantâneo na dieta de lactentes matriculados em berçários de creches públicas/filantrópicas e comparar suas composições nutricionais com a alimentação recomendada para a idade (leite materno e refeição salgada), visando estimar erros nutricionais.Métodos:Estudo transversal com 366 crianças (de nove a 36 meses) de berçários de creches, cujas mães foram entrevistadas sobre idade de introdução dos alimentos. Consideraram-se as médias de nutrientes indicadas nos rótulos das marcas mais consumidas. No cálculo da composição centesimal do leite materno e da refeição salgada, utilizaram-se Tabelas de Composição de Alimentos. Para avaliação da adequação nutricional, utilizaram-se as Recomendações de Ingestão Diária por faixa etária. A avaliação dos percentuais de adequação das composições nutricionais do petit suisse e do macarrão instantâneo foi feita comparando-as com as do leite materno e da refeição salgada, respectivamente.Resultados:O petit suisse e o macarrão instantâneo foram consumidos por 89,6 e 65,3% dos lactentes ainda no primeiro ano de vida. Os percentuais de adequação para carboidrato foram superiores a duas vezes o recomendado e os percentuais de sódio, 20 vezes superiores aos encontrados nos alimentos recomendados.Conclusões:Os dois produtos industrializados são impróprios para lactentes, ressaltando-se a necessidade de adoção de normatização que possa informar os profissionais de saúde, os educadores e os pais sobre os riscos do consumo.UNIFESPUniversidade Federal de Alagoas Faculdade de NutricaoUniversidade de Santo AmaroUNIFESPSciEL

Efectos del peso extremadamente bajo al nacimiento sobre la familia: revisión bibliográfica

Objective: The present study is a literature review to identify the effects of a very low birth weight newborn on family. This is an important instrument to clarify epidemiological issues and to suggest the directions for health policy efforts.Method: A three-step review was carried out using databases of journals indexed for Medline/Lilacs/Scielo/Cochrane published between 1966 and 2005 using specific criteria of inclusion. The first step selected 12 articles from 2,889 when searching for the keyword very low birth weight infant; the second step used the crossing of keyword premature infant with other pertinent keywords and terms resulting in 191 articles generating 7 more articles matching the criteria of inclusion. The third step was to analyze the references of articles in steps 1 and 2 (12 + 7 = 19), selecting 3 additional ones totalizing 22 selected articles.Result: Evidences in literature state that the families of very low birth weight newborns suffer potential negative effects on their operational dynamics, which is associated to the clinical seriousness, the age and the neuropsycomotor development of such children. It seems that the mother is the most affected member due to the situation imposed to the family, and the one who needs psychosocial support more frequently.Conclusion: The number of existing studies is still insufficient to clarify whether the effects on the family considering all their aspects are preponderantly positive or negative.Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Pediat, Disciplina Nutrol, BR-04040032 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Pediat, Disciplina Nutrol, BR-04040032 Sao Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Consensus of the Brazilian Association of Nutrology on Milky Feeding of Children Aged 1–5 Years Old

Objective: To publish a consensus on the milky feeding of children aged between 1 and 5 years old, in the face of the nonuniformity of indication and the lack of standardization, in Brazil, on the nomenclature and classification of milky products produced for this stage. Methods: Literature review and members discussion. Results: The review showed the nutrition deficiencies among Brazilian children and the position of different medical societies. Conclusions: Recommendations of milky feeding are proposed for government area, industry and health care professionals