The Effect of Inkjet Ink Composition on Rheology And Jetting Behaviour

This work presents recent results on the way linear and non linear viscoelastic properties of the fluids affect the jetting mechanism. Recent progress on quantitative characterising both high frequency linear (LVE) and non-linear (NLVE) viscoelasticity of fluids allows fluids to be assessed for their jettability before using such materials in a DoD print head. In term of linear viscoelastic measurements, the Piezo Axial Vibrator (PAV) was used to probe the rheology of the fluids on a frequency range between 10Hz and 10000Hz. A filament stretching apparatus, called the “Cambridge Trimaster”, was used in combination with high speed cinematography, to characterize the fluids high speed stretching and break-up behaviour. The series of fluids investigated here consist in dilutions of mono disperse polystyrene with different molecular weight (110, 210, 306 and 488 kg/mol respectively) diluted in diethyl phthalate. The choice of polymer weights and concentrations were chosen to match both the complex viscosity and the LVE. However, non linear rheological data experiments exhibit differences in the fluid relaxation time and filament break-up mechanism. Ultra-high speed cinematography of DoD jetting events were correlated with filament break-up experiments and demonstrated that fluid rheology provides valuable information on the jetting quality of the fluids

Profile of Hypertensive Retinopathy in a Tertiary Centre in Western Nepal

Objective: The present study was done to find out prevalence of hypertensive retinopathy among patients attending in OPD in GMC. Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study was performed among 200 hypertensive patients visiting eye OPD from Dec 2016 to Dec 2017. Detailed eye examination including fundus evaluation under mydriasis was done on all subjects and hypertensive retinopathy was graded according to Keith, Wagner and Barker classification by ophthalmologist using 90 dioptre lens. Patient having diabetes and other retinal diseases were excluded from the study. Data analysis was done using spss software. Results: The mean age of the patients was 60.58 ±12.26 standard deviation. In our study 56.5% patients had hypertensive retinopathy. Of which 31% had grade I, 19% had grade II, 6% had grade III and 0.5% had grade IV hypertensive retinopathy. The ratio of hypertensive retinopathy among male and female was 1.7:1. Conclusion: Hypertensive retinopathy is common among hypertensives and males are more prone to retinopathy than females

Role of ultrasound in early pregnancy in differentiating normal and abnormal pregnancies

ABSTRACT A prospective study was carried out from November 2006 -December 2008 in which a total of 304 patients with early pregnancy were examined by ultrasound (US). Of these, 203 (66.8%) cases were normal pregnancies (including 8 cases of twin pregnancy), 32 (10.5%) missed abortions, 19 (6.3%) incomplete abortions, 14 (4.6%) complete abortions, 12 (4.0%) blighted ovums, 11 (3.6%) without sonographic evidence of pregnancy, 7 (2.3%) ectopic pregnancies and 6 (1.9%) molar pregnancies. US in early pregnancy gave a reliable and accurate differentiation between a viable normal pregnancy and an abnormal/ pathological pregnancy

Do ultrafast exciton-polaron decoherence dynamics govern photocarrier generation efficiencies in polymer solar cells?

All-organic-based photovoltaic solar cells have attracted considerable attention because of their low-cost processing and short energy payback time. In such systems the primary dissociation of an optical excitation into a pair of photocarriers has been recently shown to be extremely rapid and efficient, but the physical reason for this remains unclear. Here, two-dimensional photocurrent excitation spectroscopy, a novel non-linear optical spectroscopy, is used to probe the ultrafast coherent decay of photoexcitations into charge-producing states in a polymer:fullerene based solar cell. The two-dimensional photocurrent spectra are interpreted by introducing a theoretical model for the description of the coupling of the electronic states of the system to an external environment and to the applied laser fields. The experimental data show no cross-peaks in the two-dimensional photocurrent spectra, as predicted by the model for coherence times between the exciton and the photocurrent producing states of 20\,fs or less

Dry Eye among Medical Students of Gandaki Medical College, Pokhara, Nepal

Introduction: Dry eye disease results from decreased tear production, increased evaporation of tears and inflammation. Medical students of­ten have dry eyes due to use of projectors, computers for study and also due to use of mobiles. Objective: The present study was undertaken to find out dry eye by Schirmer 1 test with local anesthesia and measurement of wetting of Schirmer test strip. Methods: Schirmer 1 test with anesthesia was performed on 200 medi­cal students from June 1, 2017 to June 1, 2018 after obtaining informed consent and after applying some exclusion criteria. The test was per­formed by first applying 4% topical lignocaine and then using Whatman filter paper no 41 and wetting of the filter paper measured after five minutes and time noted. Results: 146 (73%) Among 200 Students, were males and 54 (27%) were females. Mean age of patients was 21.73 ±1.42 years. Mild dry eye was seen in 19.5%, moderate in 13% and severe dry eye in 13.5% of medical students Conclusion: Dry eye is one of common ocular disease among medical students

Profile of Ocular Trauma in a Tertiary Centre in Western Nepal

Introduction: Ocular trauma is an important cause of blindness and ocular morbidity throughout the world. The present study was done to establish the common causes of ocular trauma in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Western Nepal. Methods: In this prospective study, all the patients with ocular trauma visiting eye Out Patient Department (OPD) and Emergency Department of Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital (GMCTH) from June 2015 to June 2016 were included. A complete history and detailed ophthalmological evaluation was done. Results: Over a period of one year, 226 patients attended to the OPD and Emergency Department of GMCTH. Mean age of patients was 30.41 ±15.7 years. Males were 70.8% and females 29.2%. About 82.5% patients had visual acuity better than 6/18 while 17.7% had visual acuity <3/60. Road traffic accident (RTA) was the most common cause followed by foreign bodies. Conclusions: Males are more prone to ocular trauma than females and majority of ocular trauma occurred at workplace. RTA is the commonest cause of ocular trauma. Very few patients used protective device. Public awareness and strict legislation for the use of personal protective devices can also help reduce the occurrence of ocular injury. J-GMC-N | Volume 11 | Issue 01 | January-June 2018, Page: 6-1

Understanding the effect of unintentional doping on transport optimization and analysis in efficient organic bulk-heterojunction solar cells

In this paper, we provide experimental evidence of the effects of unintentional p-type doping on the performance and the apparent recombination dynamics of bulk-heterojunction solar cells. By supporting these experimental observations with drift-diffusion simulations on two batches of the same efficient polymer-fullerene solar cells with substantially different doping levels and at different thicknesses, we investigate the way the presence of doping affects the interpretation of optoelectronic measurements of recombination and charge transport in organic solar cells. We also present experimental evidence on how unintentional doping can lead to excessively high apparent reaction orders. Our work suggests first that the knowledge of the level of dopants is essential in the studies of recombination dynamics and carrier transport and that unintentional doping levels need to be reduced below approximately 7 × 1015 cm-3 for full optimization around the second interference maximum of highly efficient polymer-fullerene solar cells.F. D. and J. R. D. are thankful of the support from the EPSRC APEX Grant No. EP/H040218/2 and SPECIFIC Grant No. EP/1019278. T. K. acknowledges funding by an Imperial College Junior Research Fellowship. We are grateful to the Ministerio de Economa y Competitividad for funding through the project PHOTOCOMB, Reference No. MAT2012-37776.Peer Reviewe

Pattern of ocular morbidity in pediatrics age group in a tertiary centre in western Nepal

Introduction: Ocular morbidities are importantbecause of their impact on child’s development,education and future work. Ocular morbidities in children may not be diagnosed and treated in time due to inability to express their problems which leads to amblyopia by the time they can express it. This study was conducted with an objective to determine the pattern of ocular morbidity in children less than and equal to 14 years of age presenting in the Outpatient Department (OPD) of Gandaki Medical College, Pokhara. Materials/ Methods: This is a cross sectional observational study where we reviewed the profile of all of all patients of age group equal to or less than 14 years entering eye OPD from September 2016 to September 2018 for eye examination. Result: A total of 1471 patients presented to eye department of GMC. The mean age of the patient was 8.25 ±4.24 years among which 57.8% were males and 42.2% were females. Maximum number of the patients were in age group 11 to 14 years (38.1%) while minimum number of the patients were in the age group <1 year(10.6%).Conjunctival disorders (23.9%) was the most common ocular morbidity followed by refractive error in (18.2%), miscellaneous conditions (10.4%), eyelid diseases (8.6%), lacrimal system diseases (7.8%). Conclusion: Thestudy gives a picture and pattern of ocular diseases in pediatrics age group which not only helps in early diagnosis and treatment of ocular diseases but also in decreasing the magnitude of childhood blindness and amblyopia

Apathy, but not depression, predicts all-cause dementia in cerebral small vessel disease

Objective: To determine whether apathy or depression predicts all-cause dementia in small vessel disease (SVD) patients. Methods: Analyses used two prospective cohort studies of SVD: St. George’s Cognition and Neuroimaging in Stroke (SCANS; n=121) and Radboud University Nijmegen Diffusion Tensor and Magnetic Resonance Cohort (RUN DMC; n=352). Multivariate Cox regressions were used to predict dementia using baseline apathy and depression scores in both datasets. Change in apathy and depression was used to predict dementia in a subset of 104 participants with longitudinal data from SCANS. All models were controlled for age, education and cognitive function. Results: Baseline apathy scores predicted dementia in SCANS (HR 1.49, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.11, p=0.024) and RUN DMC (HR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.09, p=0.007). Increasing apathy was associated with dementia in SCANS (HR 1.53, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.17, p=0.017). In contrast, baseline depression and change in depression did not predict dementia in either dataset. Including apathy in predictive models of dementia improved model fit. Conclusions: Apathy, but not depression, may be a prodromal symptom of dementia in SVD, and may be useful in identifying at-risk individuals