The Petroglyphs of Kahalu'u, Kona, Hawai'i

The small ahupua 'a of Kahalu'u lies along the coast of central Kona. For many centuries before western contact this region was the home of the kings of leeward Hawai'i, the royalty supported by the riches of the Kona coastal waters and the agricultural lands of upland Kona. In Kahalu'u there are at least ten major heiau, ten other shrines or small temples, and a royal residential complex. Near one of the heiau, Ke'eku, is an important petroglyph site (Site 12954). This paper describes this set of petroglyphs and others nearby, and draws attention to the associations with the religious and royal complex of Kahalu'u.</p

Pediatric thyroid disease: when is surgery necessary, and who should be operating on our children?

Surgical diseases of the thyroid in the pediatric population represent a diverse set of both benign and malignant conditions. Overall, incidence is rare. Benign conditions include Graves' disease, toxic adenomas, congenital hyperthyroidism, and goiter. Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) and medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), with its related familial cancer syndromes, are the most common malignancies. Near-total or total thyroidectomy is the appropriate surgery for thyroid cancer, with/out central lymph node dissection. Emerging practice guidelines from professional societies are helpful, although they generally have not addressed surgical management of the pediatric patient. Thyroidectomy in children is associated with a higher rate of complications, such as recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and hypoparathyroidism, as compared to the surgery in adults. Therefore, it is essential that pediatric thyroidectomy be performed by high-volume thyroid surgeons, regardless of specialty. Case volume to support surgical expertise usually must be borrowed from the adult experience, given the relative paucity of pediatric thyroidectomies at an institutional level. These surgeons should work as part of a multidisciplinary team that includes pediatric endocrinologists and anesthesiologists, pediatricians, nuclear medicine physicians, and pathologists to afford children the best clinical outcomes

REVENUE AND TAXATION Ad Valorem Taxation of Property: Change Certain Provisions Relating to Qualifications of Property as Bona Fide Conservation Use Property; Change Certain Provisions Relative to the Ownership of Such Property and the Gross Income Derived by a Family Owned Farm Entity

The Act requires a family owned farm entity owning property for conservation use to be owned by one or more natural or naturalized citizens related to each other by blood or marriage. The Act allows an entity such as a corporation, a limited partnership, a limited corporation, or a limited liability company to serve as a general partner of a family limited partnership, but it may not hold more than a five percent interest in that family limited partnership. Finally, the Act requires a family owned entity to derive eighty percent or more of its gross income from bona fide conservation uses, including earnings or investments directly related to past or future bona fide conservation uses, and when the family farm entity is newly formed, an estimate of its income may be used to determine eligibilit

REVENUE AND TAXATION Ad Valorem Taxation of Property: Change Certain Provisions Relating to Qualifications of Property as Bona Fide Conservation Use Property; Change Certain Provisions Relative to the Ownership of Such Property and the Gross Income Derived by a Family Owned Farm Entity

The Act requires a family owned farm entity owning property for conservation use to be owned by one or more natural or naturalized citizens related to each other by blood or marriage. The Act allows an entity such as a corporation, a limited partnership, a limited corporation, or a limited liability company to serve as a general partner of a family limited partnership, but it may not hold more than a five percent interest in that family limited partnership. Finally, the Act requires a family owned entity to derive eighty percent or more of its gross income from bona fide conservation uses, including earnings or investments directly related to past or future bona fide conservation uses, and when the family farm entity is newly formed, an estimate of its income may be used to determine eligibilit

“A Place for the Grassroots”: Examining the Role of Community Participation and Local Governance in Providing Mid-Day Meals in Lucknow District, Uttar Pradesh

The Mid-Day Meal Scheme (MDMS)—the world’s largest school lunch program—was launched by India’s central government in August 1995 with the lofty goals of “enhancing enrollment, retention, and attendance while simultaneously improving nutritional levels among children.”[1] 17 years later, particularly following prominent Supreme Court orders in November 2001 and April 2004, MDMS has become a key program for the government, now serving about 105 million primary and upper-primary schoolchildren in 1.2 million schools.[2] When implemented properly, MDMS has had a noticeable positive impact on student attendance and enrollment, alongside a reduction in teacher absenteeism. Yet grave disparities in application nonetheless persist in MDMS between states. For this project, I examined MDMS in the underachieving state of Uttar Pradesh; a 2010 report by the UP Advisor to the Supreme Court Commissioners called the overall performance of MDMS in the state “far from satisfactory.”[3] Specifically, I analyzed the role of parents, teachers, and local institutions in providing MDMs. While the meals are funded by the central and state governments, implementation responsibilities lie with the locality and consistent local participation is requisite for high-quality lunches. After a month of interviews, schools visits, and community observations in Lucknow District, UP, I learned that, while UP’s MDMS has improved in recent years, both community participation and local institutions remain quite weak, especially in urban schools. Although there were many reasons for this weakness, a disconnect between distribution NGOs and schools and the slow progress of building School Management Committees (as required by the 2010 Right-to-Education Act) were two key factors. By the end of this essay, I conclude that giving parents opportunities to meaningfully participate and making school data more accessible will be necessary for not only the betterment of MDMS, but for the improvement of India’s public education system writ large. [1] India. Ministry of Human Resource Development. Department of School Education and Literacy, Mid-Day Meal Scheme. National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education (Mid-Day Meal Scheme), 2006, GUIDELINES. P. 2 [2] India. Ministry of Human Resource Development. Department of School Education and Literacy. Working Group Report on Elementary Education and Literacy. P 171 [3] Dhuru, Arundhati. Status of Implementation of Food Schemes in Uttar Pradesh P 3

Pacific 2000: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Easter Island and the Pacific (Review)

Pacific 2000: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Easter Island and the Pacific. Edited by Christopher M. Stevenson, Georgia Lee, and F. J. Morin. 2001, Easter Island Foundation. Los 0 0 ,CA. ($35) Paper; 8.5xll; 576 pages; photographs, maps, and drawings. ISBN 1-880636-18-2. Review by Dave Tuggle</p