Application of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education: Current Scenario and Future Perspectives

Introduction: Medical education is a lifetime learning process stretching from undergraduate to postgraduate, specialty training, and beyond. It also applies to various healthcare professionals, including doctors, nurses, and other allied healthcare professionals. Therefore, it is essential to acknowledge the immense role of artificial intelligence in medical education in the current era of rapidly growing technology.Methods: High-quality data that met the study objectives were included. In addition, comprehensive investigations on articles available in reputable databases such as PubMed, Research Gate, PubMed central, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were considered for literature review.Results: Artificial intelligence has fixed various issues in education during the last decade, including language processing,reasoning, planning, and cognitive modelling.Conclusion: It can be used in medical education in the following forms: Virtual Inquiry System, Medical Distance Learning and Management, and Recording teaching videos in medical schools. It can also enhance the value of the non-analytical humanistic aspects of medicine. The goal of this review article was to present the implications of AI in medical education, now and in the coming years

2D nanostructures: Potential in diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have garnered enormous attention seemingly due to their unusual architecture and properties. Graphene and graphene oxide based 2D nanomaterials remained the most sought after for several years but the quest to design superior 2D nanomaterials which can find wider application gave rise to development of non-graphene 2D materials as well. Consequently, in addition to graphene based 2D nanomaterials, 2D nanostructures designed using macromolecules (such as DNAs, proteins, peptides and peptoids), transition metal dichalcogenides, transition-metal carbides and/or nitrides (MXene), black phosphorous, chitosan, hexagonal boron nitrides, and graphitic carbon nitride, and covalent organic frameworks have been developed. Interestingly, these 2D nanomaterials have found applications in diagnosis and treatment of various diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although AD is one of the most debilitating neurodegenerative conditions across the globe; unfortunately, there remains a paucity of effective diagnostic and/or therapeutic intervention for it till date. In this scenario, nanomaterial-based biosensors, or therapeutics especially 2D nanostructures are emerging to be promising in this regard. This review summarizes the diagnostic and therapeutic platforms developed for AD using 2D nanostructures. Collectively, it is worth mentioning that these 2D nanomaterials would seemingly provide an alternative and intriguing platform for biomedical interventions

Exploring the Elements of Domestication, Amplification, and Untranslatability in the Urdu Translation of Shakespeare’s Play Romeo and Juliet

This study explores the projection of domestication, amplification, and untranslatability in Aali JaaH’s Urdu translation of Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. In order to remove the cultural gap between source text and target text these themes are very useful. The use of these all three themes leads towards a better understanding of the text in the target language and indicates silence of the translator in face of obscene expressions. The study points out domestication, amplification, and untranslatability within a broader spectrum of analysis. Employing the purposive sampling method, the researchers have adopted various examples, highlighting domestication, amplification, and untranslatability from the Urdu text of Romeo and Juliet. Based on the qualitative analysis, the study finds the proposed perspectives of great use since they reduce the gap among the source culture and target cultures. The foundation of this research paper is the functional equivalence model proposed by Eugene A. Nida. Moreover, it is accepted that untranslatability is a prevalent cultural phenomenon that often occurs itself based on morality and beliefs, specifically considering religion. The interpretation of sexuality and nudity in Muslim societies is undoubtedly not encouraged. Due to this, it is recommended to incorporate these techniques adopted in the literary translations to reduce isolation and un-similarity of the texts

Illuminating the Petite Picture of T Cell Memory Responses to Listeria monocytogenes

The ease to culture, moderately less safety constraints in handling, and above all, hurdle free induction of an anticipated infection in mouse rendered Listeria monocytogenes the rank of a model organism for studying a variety of host immune responses. Listeria monocytogenes being an intracellular pathogen evokes potent CD8 T cell response during which CD8 T cells pass through a massive expansion phase. This is generally followed by contraction phase wherein majority of activated cells undergo apoptosis leaving behind a population of memory CD8 T cells that has potential to confer enhanced protection upon reencounter with the same pathogen. Functional attributes of various cytokines, transcription factors, receptors, adaptors, and effectors pertaining to the generation of robust memory T cell response have begun to be unravelled for better understanding of memory and opening avenues to create superior vaccine strategies. This review is an attempt to unveil related discoveries along with updating recent advances on this issue

An Alternative Chemical Redox Method for the Production of Bispecific Antibodies: Implication in Rapid Detection of Food Borne Pathogens

<div><p>Bi-functional antibodies with the ability to bind two unrelated epitopes have remarkable potential in diagnostic and bio-sensing applications. In the present study, bispecific antibodies that recognize human red blood cell (RBC) and the food borne pathogen <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> (<i>L. monocytogenes</i>) were engineered. The procedure involves initial reduction of a mixture of anti-RBC and anti-Listeria antibodies followed by gradual re-oxidation of the reduced disulphides. This facilitates association of the separated antibody chains and formation of hybrid immunoglobulins with affinity for the <i>L. monocytogenes</i> and human RBC. The bispecific antibodies caused the agglutination of the RBCs only in the presence of <i>L. monocytogenes</i> cells. The agglutination process necessitated the specific presence of <i>L. monocytogenes</i> and the red colored clumps formed were readily visible with naked eyes. The RBC agglutination assay described here provides a remarkably simple approach for the rapid and highly specific screening of various pathogens in their biological niches.</p></div

BsAb specificity for Listeria and RBC antigens as revealed by Fluorescence Microscopy.

<p><b>A</b>. mBsAb interaction with cell surface proteins of <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> (<b>a and b</b>), mBsAb binding capacity to human RBCs (<b>c and d</b>). <b>B</b>. Affinity of pBsAb with target surface molecules of <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> cells (<b>a and b</b>) and RBCs (<b>c and d</b>). At least three independent experiments were performed for each sample and data are representative of three independent experiments with similar observations.</p

Dot blot analysis.

<p><b>A</b>) <b>a</b> and <b>b</b> show recognition of <i>Listeria</i> surface antigen and RBC ghost proteins by mBsAb respectively. <b>c</b> and <b>d</b> exhibit controls where PVDF membrane was coated with <i>E. coli</i> and <i>Salmonella</i> Ags respectively and allowed to react with mBsAb (specific to <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> and RBCs). A negative result was obtained in controls. <b>B</b>) <b>a</b> and <b>b</b> exhibit binding of pBsAb to Listeria surface protein and RBC membrane proteins respectively. PVDF membrane coated with <i>E. coli</i> and <i>Salmonella</i> Ags shows negative result when allowed to react with pBsAb (<b>c</b> and <b>d</b> respectively). At least three independent experiments were performed for each sample and data are representative of three independent experiments with similar observations.</p