Formación y extracción de compuestos entre fosfowolframto y colorantes tiazinicos. Determinación espectrofotométrica de fosfatos

Phosphate anions don't form with basic dyestuffs extractable compounds. However the tungsto-phosphate associated to several dyestuffs are extracted with organic solvents. Between 0,2-10 p p m of orthophosphate is determined vía formation of the ion-association complex of tungsto-phosphate with the thiazinic dyestuff Azur B. The azur Btungsto- phosphate is extracted into benzene-cyclohexanone 1/1 v/v and the absorbance in this solvent measured a 645 nm. Optimal conditions for the determination have been established, and the effects of foreign ions have been examined. The determination is highly selective. The stoichiometry and structure of the ion-association complex has been studied.Los aniones fosfato no forman con colorantes básicos compuestos extraíbles. Sin embargo, los fosfowolframatos asociados a ciertos colorantes son extraíbles por disolventes orgánicos. Se determina entre 0,2-10 p p m de fosfato por formación del complejo de asociación iónica fosfowolframato con el colorante tiazínico Azur B. El fosfowolframatoazur B se extrae en benceno/ciclohexanona 1/1 v/v y se mide su absorbancia a 645 nm. Se establecen las condiciones óptimas para la determinación y se examina el efecto, de iones extraños. La determinación es altamente selectiva. Se estudia la estequiometría y estructura del complejo de asociación iónica

Formation and extraction of compounds tungstophosphate-thiazinic dyestuffs Spectrophotometric determination of phosphate

Los aniones fosfato no forman con colorantes básicos compuestos extraíbles. Sin embargo, los fosfowolframatos asociados a ciertos colorantes son extraíbles por disolventes orgánicos. Se determina entre 0,2-10 p p m de fosfato por formación del complejo de asociación iónica fosfowolframato con el colorante tiazínico Azur B. El fosfowolframatoazur B se extrae en benceno/ciclohexanona 1/1 v/v y se mide su absorbancia a 645 nm. Se establecen las condiciones óptimas para la determinación y se examina el efecto, de iones extraños. La determinación es altamente selectiva. Se estudia la estequiometría y estructura del complejo de asociación iónica

Changes in aflatoxin standards: Implications for EU border controls of nut imports

This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced version of an article accepted for publication in Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy following peer review. The version of record Garcia-Alvarez-Coque, J.-M., Taghouti, I. and Martinez-Gomez, V. (2020), Changes in Aflatoxin Standards: Implications for EU Border Controls of Nut Imports. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 42: 524-541. doi:10.1093/aepp/ppy036 is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1093/aepp/ppy036.[EN] Food safety concerns about the risk of aflatoxin (AF) contamination have been growing in many regions, particularly in the European Union (EU). To protect consumers from health risks, the EU has established strict standards for maximum acceptable AF levels in food products; these standards have changed several times. This article examines the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) database, which contains notifications on border controls on AF levels in tree nuts and peanuts. A count data model was used to analyze the impact of political economy considerations, past alerts, and path-dependence effects on RASFF border controls. Policy changes, including the harmonization and relaxing of the EU¿s AF standards, significantly affected the frequency of border controls, with diverse effects among exporting countries. It is believed that the present study provides some insights to the modeling of food standards for explanation or forecasting purposes.García Alvarez-Coque, JM.; Taghouti, I.; Martinez Gomez, VD. (2020). Changes in aflatoxin standards: Implications for EU border controls of nut imports. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy. 42(3):524-541. https://doi.org/10.1093/aepp/ppy036S524541423Bagwell, K., & Staiger, R. W. (2001). Domestic Policies, National Sovereignty, and International Economic Institutions. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(2), 519-562. doi:10.1162/00335530151144096Baylis, K., Martens, A., & Nogueira, L. (2009). 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