МЕТАФОРА ЯК ОБРАЗОТВІРНИЙ ЕЛЕМЕНТ У ФРАНЦУЗЬКОМУ ЖІНОЧОМУ АВТОБІОГРАФІЧНОМУ РОМАНІ (Metaphor as a figurative element in the French WOMEN autobiographical novel)

У статті досліджуються особливості уживання метафори у створенні образу автора-жінки. На основі семантичного аналізу виокремлюється перцептивна метафора як гендерна риса жіночого письма. Такий вид метафор поглиблює концептуальність і переходить на рівень фізичних відчуттів. (The article deals with the metaphors particularities using in creation of author-woman image. Due to semantic analyses it is defined perceptive metaphor as gender mark of women writing. Such type of metaphor passes to the physical level of feelings.

Невербальні засоби формування образу автора у французькому жіночому автобіографічному романі (Nonverbal means in forming author image in French female autobiographical novel)

У статті розглядається особливості невербальних засобів у французькому жіночому автобіографічному романі. Інтенція автора вплинути на читача реалізується у тактиці подвійного впливу, яка має на меті невербальними засобами виокремити, наголосити на семантичній складовій вербального компоненту. Залучення невербальних засобів змінює друковану простір. (The nonverbal features can be inside the narrative space as well as in its external appearance. So, printed page is brought into play as a channel of visual influence on reader especially for forming corresponding image of author or character. The author uses pragmatic means due to which the decoding of author’s image runs according to the plan of first one. This outlines the conceived image strategy. The conceived image may be positive, negative or ambiguous whatever author has intended. The conceived image strategy works in tactics. The tactic when verbal signs are stressed by nonverbal is called the tactic of double influence. One of these nonverbal means is typographic indent that varies from 2 to 4 centimeters. Its location is not disorderly as it’s situated before or after important events, author’s reflections. Next mean in the tactic of double influence is schematic enumeration that author–woman utilizes to sort out the principal events or their consequences in her past. Such enumeration starts with the name, ends with colon and continues with sub points that include some classified reminiscences. So, visually the printed text of French female autobiographical novel is changed. The brackets include the text the length of which is from sentence to several paragraphs. They uncover author’s dearest thoughts and feelings. Nonverbal component underlines somebody else’s speech to reduce the volume of description, but not the semantic meaning.

SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS DEFINING THE ATTITUDE OF RUSSIAN PEOPLE TOWARDS PRENUPTIAL AGREEMENT

In the modern world the institution of family and marriage is undergoing various changes. The attitude of Russian people towards the prenuptial agreement shows a tendency for acceptance and approval. The stereotypical perception of the prenuptial agreement as unacceptable between close people is in the past. Based on that, the article is focused on the comparative analysis of the factors that define the attitude of Russian people towards the prenuptial agreement. The key point in the research is evaluation of specific features of respondents’ opinions, expressed in the years of 2007 and 2018, in accordance with the following socio-psychological factors: awareness of the prenuptial agreement, aims for signing one or reasons to refuse doing so, gender and age factors. Research methods include: a preliminary survey of couples in order to define sample groups, a questionnaire, observation, a mathematical method of data analysis (Fisher’s φ-criterion). The research was conducted in two stages: the first diagnostics in the year 2007 (n=40 couples), and the second – in 2018 (n=50 couples). The respondents were divided into groups by the social status of their relationships: officially married, planning to get married, co-habiting couples and partner (guest) relationships. The age of respondents was 18-47. The results of the research showed the following: increase in age leads to clearer understanding and a better expressed opinion about the prenuptial agreement, positive dynamics in favourable perception of prenuptial agreement among the respondents who are officially married or are planning to marry, increased importance of motives for signing a prenuptial agreement – “protection of  one’s own interests” and “opportunity to put pressure on the spouse”,  lack of connection between the attitude towards prenuptial agreement and awareness of the document.

Синтаксичні засоби наративної тактики в автобіографічному романі (Syntactical means of narrative tactic in autobiographical novels)

Синтаксичні засоби наративної тактики в автобіографічному романі. Інтрадієгезис французького жіночого aвтобіографічного роману залучає синтаксичну потужність з прагматичною метою впливу на читача, задля здобуття його віри в реальність викладених подій. Дослідження синтаксичних особливостей привідкриває завісу розуміння світу автора-жінки. Фемінні маркери балакучості, емоційності, чуттєвості реалізуються через негомогенність синтаксичного малюнку, наповнення синтаксичних форм стилістичними засобами націлене на активізацію уяви читача. (The narrative world of autobiographical novels is refl ected in interdiegesis view, particularly in author’s description of life story. The narrative tactic of persuasion is realizing through the romantic and sensitive image created by syntactical fi gures. The syntax implicates a huge amount of expressive possibilities that are able to deliver the thinnest nuances of sense, emotions and feelings. Asyndeton is very spread in autobiographical novels as it is built on the basis of gradation element as well as it alternates with ellipsis. Chiasmus as a unit of form and content produces impressive infl uence on reader also due to wordplay. The convergence presents the unifi cation of stylistic and syntactic means of infl uence. In women autobiographical novels the syntactical particularities are decoding the comprehension of women world, her values, cognitive intentions. The female features such as loquacity, emotionality, sensuality are revealed through inhomogeneity of syntactical picture, fi lling of syntactical forms by stylistic means targeted to activate reader attention.

Cellulose-containing waste recycling using fungi

Accumulation of plant waste is a serious environmental problem. Mushrooms with high cellulolytic activity can process it into valuable products that will be useful in solving various industries and agriculture problems. The enzymes of the cellulolytic complex include 1,4-β-D-glucan-4-glucanohydrolase, exo-1,4-β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, β-glucosidase. 1,4-β-D-glucan-4-glucanohydrolases destroy β-1,4-glycosidic bonds within the chain of cellulose and lichenin polysaccharides. Exoglucanases destroy β-1,3- and β-1,4-glycosidic bonds at the end of the molecule. Cellobiohydrolases cleave β-1,4-glycosidic bonds to form cellobiose and glucose. β-glucosidase complete the process of destruction. Fungi with high cellulolytic activity include both representatives of the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota divisions. Ascomycete Chaetomium globosum produces endoglucanases of two families and 8 cellobiohydrolases. Myceliophthora thermophila also produces endoglucanases and cellobiohydrolases, the most abundant of which is Mt Cel7A. The fungus is a promising producer of thermostable enzymes. Trichoderma reesei has a long history of safe use as a source of highly active cellulolytic enzymes and other valuable metabolites. LPMOs of the cellulolytic fungus Thielavia terrestris are considered auxiliary enzymes, but can negatively affect the main enzymes of the complex. Irpex lacteus also produces LPMO and a complete cellulolytic enzyme complex. The cellulolytic activity of fungi and their ability to grow on cheap substrates can be used to bioconvert plant waste into valuable products. One of the ways to utilize them is to convert into compound feed with a high protein content through the use of starter cultures. The use of mushrooms will increase the content of protein and simple carbohydrates, enrich the feed with fats. Another method is to obtain cellulases, which are widely used in many industries. Thanks to the production of biodiesel and bioethanol from cellulose-containing raw materials it is possible to solve the problem of lack of fuel by replacing energy carriers from non-renewable energy sources with their environmentally friendly counterparts. They are less toxic than diesel and gasoline and are also made from renewable resources

Comparison of prepandemic and postpandemic students’ attitude to the electronic learning at universities with foreign language acquisition in mind

The article is devoted to the issues and problems connected with e-teaching of foreign languages for students in higher school. The results of pre- and post-pandemic surveys after two lockdowns which universities of the Russian Federation suffered from during 2019/2020 and 2020/2021academic years have been compared. The comparative analysis of pre- and post-pandemic students’ attitude to e-learning at the university on the whole and to foreign languages e-learning in particular has been weighed. The authors assessed students’ reaction to possible transition to e-learning, following gradual adaptation to new conditions during lockdown and the role of information technologies in e-learning. Aiming at fundamental analysis of distant learning the authors conducted students’ opinion surveys of the State University of Management on the issues of risks, disadvantages, convenience and advantages of the electronic and blended learning generally and on the issues of foreign language acquisition particularly. Besides, the attainments and skills that the students acquired during the periods of e-learning and which are, in students’ opinion, an essential part of their professional acquirements, have been studied.The article presents the results of postpandemic opinion survey, shows the main problems and advantages of electronic learning, reveals the types of foreign language activities, most recommendable for e-learning, makes conclusions about the advantages of the electronic and blended learning for foreign language acquisition in modern conditions. The conclusions about the necessity of the individual approach to each student even during e-learning have been made

Project work in a foreign language at the university: Challenges and benefits. Students’ opinion

The authors of the article present and analyze surveys of first, second and third year students of the State University of Management in Moscow on issues and problems related to project activities in a foreign language within the framework of curricula in the disciplines “Foreign Language” and “Foreign language of professional business communication”. As a result of the study, the authors conclude that students mostly come to the university with project work skills and improve them over several semesters at the university. The study revealed the most popular programs and platforms that students use to complete project tasks, and also the examples of managerial capacity and volitional powers that, in the opinion of students, a student should acquire in the process of project implementation. The article describes the main factors that can encourage them to do project work, and some problems associated with the implementation of project activities at the State University of Management. The results obtained reflect the university realities of students’ project work in a foreign language and can be useful to methodologists and developers of university curricula

Psychological and professional readiness for applying e-portfolio in the digital educational environment of universities

The aim of the article is to look at the concept of e-portfolio for language learners, discuss the perspectives of its application in higher educational institutions of Russia and analyse the degree of readiness for introducing it in the system of education on a wide scale. Using the observations described by different researchers, training experience in teaching foreign languages and the results of interviewing students and University professors and tutors the authors arrive at a conclusion that the educational community is generally prepared for e-portfolio application. Most difficulties are related to the absence of administrative regulation, insufficient digital competency and other reasons of psychological origin which make the university staff and the students prejudiced against this highly efficient digital tool. The authors formulate a number of didactic recommendations to facilitate the introduction and effective application of e-portfolio for language learners

Psycholinguistic problems and risks of online language and speech testing

The article deals with the psycholinguistic problems and risks related to preparing, organising and conducting online foreign language testing which is firmly entrenched in the education system as a convenient and objective form of control. The authors study the linguistic and didactic aspects of computer-based testing, psychological issues related to students’ activities and analyse the results of the survey aimed at revealing the emerging difficulties and risks. The paper aim is to maximise the quality of test tasks, minimise possible psychological difficulties and improve the effectiveness of preparing students for the testing period by means of developing the necessary language and speech skills, as well as psychological readiness. The survey data shows that most students have positive opinion concerning online testing and give adequate assessment of its difficulty level. They demonstrate readiness to adapt their activities to the requirements of such test format

New data on the structure and age of the terminal Permian strata in the South Verkhoyansk region (northeastern Asia)

© 2015.We present new data on the structure and age of the upper Permian strata in the basin of the Setorym River (tributary of the Vostochnaya Khandyga River) in the South Verkhoyansk region, represented by the Imtachan Formation and the lower part of the Nekuchan Formation. Based on the new findings of bivalve fossils from the Intomodesma costatum Zone, as well as on the study of carbon isotopes in the shells and carbon isotopes of the organic matter of the host mudstones, we have for the first time proved the completeness of the Permian section. The detailed description of the contact between the Imtachan and Nekuchan Formations bears evidence for a certain continuity of the lithologic characteristics of the sandstones. The sharp lithologic contact between the formations reflects not a regional sedimentation hiatus but a shift of depositional settings from the upper parts of a delta to the deep shelf, caused by forced marine transgression. It is concluded that there was no long-term hiatus between the accumulation of the Imtachan and Nekuchan Formations. Images of the most characteristic species of bivalves and crinoids from the Imtachan Formation are presented