Epidemiology of Birth Defects Based on a Birth Defect Surveillance System from 2005 to 2014 in Hunan Province, China.

To describe the epidemiology of birth defects (BDs) in perinatal infants in Hunan Province, China, between 2005 and 2014.The BD surveillance data of perinatal infants (for stillbirth, dead fetus or live birth between 28 weeks of gestation and 7 days after birth) were collected from 52 registered hospitals of Hunan between 2005 and 2014. The prevalence rates of BDs with 95% confidence interval (CI) and crude odds ratio (ORs) were calculated to examine the associations of infant gender, maternal age, and region (urban vs rural) with BDs.From 2005 to 2014, there were a total of 925413 perinatal infants of which 17753 had BDs, with the average prevalence of 191.84 per 10000 PIs (perinatal infants), showing a significant uptrend. The risks of BDs are higher in urban areas versus rural areas (OR = 1.20), in male infants versus female infants (OR = 1.19), and in mothers above age 35 versus those below age 35 (OR = 1.24). The main five types of BDs are Congenital heart defects (CHD), Other malformation of external ear (OMEE), Polydactyly, Congenital malformation of kidney (CMK), and Congenital talipes equinovarus (CTE). From 2005 to 2014, the prevalence rates (per 10000 PIs) of CHD and CMK increased significantly from 22.56 to 74 (OR = 3.29, 95%CI: 2.65-4.11) and from 7.61 to 14.62 (OR = 1.92, 95%CI:1.30-2.84), respectively; the prevalence rates of congenital hydrocephalus and neural tube defects (NTDs) decreased significantly from 11.8 to 5.29 (OR = 0.45, 95%CI: 0.31-0.65) and from 7.87 to 1.74 (OR = 0.22, 95%CI: 0.13-0.38), respectively.The prevalence rates of specific BDs in perinatal infants in Hunan have changed in the last decade. Urban pregnant women, male perinatal infants, and mothers above age 35 present different prevalence rates of BDs. Wider use of new diagnosis technology, improving the ability of monitoring, strengthening the publicity and education are important to reduce the prevalence of BDs

Students and their parental attitudes toward the education of children affected by HIV/AIDS: a cross‐sectional study in AIDS prevalent rural areas, China

Abstract Objective : To investigate the prevalence and determinants of student and parental attitudes toward the education of children affected by HIV/AIDS in areas of rural China where AIDS is prevalent. Methods : A cross‐sectional study of a random sample of students (n=732) and their parents (n=732) conducted in April 2010, using a questionnaire and in‐depth interview. Results : Twenty‐six per cent of students and 29% of parents had a ‘good’ attitude toward the education of children affected by HIV/AIDS. Following adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, students’ attitudes were significantly associated with knowledge of HIV/AIDS non‐transmission (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]= 3.13) and their parents’ attitudes (aOR= 2.38), but not with knowledge of HIV/AIDS transmission, prevention or their parents’ knowledge. Parents’ attitudes were significantly associated with knowledge of HIV/AIDS non‐transmission (aOR= 2.12) and their children's attitudes (aOR= 2.52), but not with knowledge of HIV/AIDS transmission, prevention or their children's knowledge. Conclusion : Stigma and discrimination undermine the right to education of HIV/AIDS‐affected children in rural China. Improving non‐transmission knowledge may improve caring attitudes. Implications : HIV/AIDS public health educational campaigns highlighting non‐transmission and extending family education, combined with school education, may help to enhance an environment of non‐discrimination and safeguard public support programs for the right to education of children affected by HIV/AIDS

GRK5 intronic (CA)n polymorphisms associated with type 2 diabetes in Chinese Hainan Island.

A genome-wide association study had showed G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) rs10886471 was related to the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through upregulated GRK5 mRNA expression. Rs10886471 is located in the intron region of GRK5. However, the mechanism by which intronic SNP affects gene expression remains unclear, whether the effect on gene expression depends on the intronic short tandem repeat (STR) (CA)n splicing regulator or not. Here we investigated the STR (CA)n polymorphism in rs10886471 and further discussed its role in the T2DM risk of Chinese Hainan Island individuals. A total of 1164 subjects were recruited and classified into a normal fasting glucose (NFG) group, an impaired fasting glucose (IFG) group, an impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) group, and a T2DM group. STR (CA)n polymorphisms were detected through polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Five intronic (CA)n alleles, (CA)15 to (CA)19, were identified in GRK5 rs10886471. Only the (CA)16 allele was significantly associated with increased prediabetes and T2DM risk [odds ratio (OR)>1, P<0.05]. Conversely, multiple alleles without any (CA)16 protected against prediabetes and T2DM (0<OR<1, P<0.05). In summary, rs10886471 acts as both an SNP and an STR. The rs10886471 intronic SNP causes GRK5 overexpression the subsequent risk of T2DM may be due to the rs10886471 intronic STR (CA)n splicing enhancer. Further studies should focus on verifying these finding using a large sample size and analyzing the splicing mechanism of intronic (CA)n in rs10886471

Additional file 1: of Lifetime prevalence of suicidal ideation among men who have sex with men: a meta-analysis

PRISMA Checklist. Description of data: details of PRISMA Checklist. (DOC 64 kb

The trends of BDs prevalence rates in Hunan and in China from 2005 to 2014.

<p>The trends of BDs prevalence rates in Hunan and in China from 2005 to 2014.</p

Occurrence and determinants of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole use in pregnancy

To estimate the rate of prescription trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole use in pregnancy, and to analyse the association between maternal characteristics and use of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in pregnancy

The mechanism of intronic (CA)<i>_n</i> splicing regulator in rs10886471.

<p>The heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP L) is specifically bound to diverse CA elements. ^{10, 13} It contains four RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) that bind to CA repeats. The crystal structures of hnRNP L RRMs at 2.0 and 1.8 Å has been elucidated. ²⁰ The intronic (CA)<i>_n</i> repeats in <i>GRK5</i> rs10886471 act as splicing enhancers or repressors and their yin–yang effect on T2DM depends on the CA repeat number. Intronic SNPs that affect gene expression may be mediated by LD with intronic STR (CA)<i>_n</i> regulators.</p

Reported prevalence of childhood maltreatment among Chinese college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE:To estimate the prevalence of childhood maltreatment among college students in China by a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS:A systematic search of relevant articles in Pubmed, Wanfang Data, Chinese Scientific Journals Fulltext Database (CQVIP), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and China Biology Medicine disc (CBMdisc) was conducted on September 1, 2017. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence and sources of heterogeneity were explored using subgroup analyses. RESULTS:In total, 32 studies were included in our review. The pooled prevalence of childhood maltreatment among college students was 64.7% (CI: 52.3%-75.6%). For childhood physical abuse(CPA), childhood emotional abuse(CEA), childhood sexual abuse(CSA), childhood physical neglect(CPN)and childhood emotional neglect (CEN), the pooled estimates were 17.4% (13.8%-21.3%), 36.7%(25.1%-49.1%), 15.7%(11.6%-20.2%), 54.9%(41.2%-68.1%) and 60.0% (45.0%-74.0%), respectively. Use of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) yielded a higher pooled estimate than any other measurement tools in the subgroup analyses of CPA, CEA, CSA, CPN and CEN. The Egger's tests revealed no evidence of publication bias(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Childhood maltreatment is common among college students in China. Prevention policies and programmes should be urgently developed to stop the occurrence of child maltreatment, and special attention should be paid to maltreated college students

Frequency distribution of rs10886471 (CA)<i>_n</i> alleles in the four groups.

<p>Not all comparisons are shown. The allelic frequencies of (CA)<i>₁₆</i> in the IFG, IGT, and T2DM groups wasmuch higher than that in the NFG group (^△<b>X</b><b>²</b> = 12.300, <i>P</i> = 0.000; ^□<b>X</b><b>²</b> = 13.672, <i>P</i> = 0.000;^▪<b>X</b><b>²</b> = 14.476,<i>P</i> = 0.000, respectively). The allelic frequency of (CA)<i>₁₆</i> was significantly lower than that of (CA)<i>₁₇</i>, but higher than those of (CA)<i>₁₈</i> and (CA)<i>₁₉</i> among the four groups (^△△<b>X</b><b>²</b> = 16.190, <i>P</i> = 0.001; ^□□<b>X</b><b>²</b> = 10.221,<i>P</i> = 0.017; ^▪▪<b>X</b><b>²</b> = 8.265, <i>P</i> = 0.041, respectively).</p