Spatial Impact of New Housing Trends in the Periphery of Istanbul Metropolitan Area

Globalization had a significant effect on socio-economic and spatial changes in Istanbul as the largest city of Turkey following the trends in other cities of the world since the beginning of 1980. In this transformation process which the city center was dislocated and the land rapidly opened for new demands, while the construction sector flowed to business spaces like office blocks, department stores, and five-star hotels; construction companies that prospered ventured to major housing projects in the urban periphery. Therefore, high-income group left the city center due to low quality of life in inner-city areas caused by the drawbacks of rapid urbanization such as intensive residential areas, lack of open and green sites, traffic and parking problems, increasing crime rates. These high-income group housing areas which are brought a new sight as “gated communities”, mostly developed towards the north where the natural resources e.g. forest and water basin of Istanbul Metropolitan Area are located and became a new issue while squatter settlements are still concerned. However, they are planned as individual projects with their own security systems and modern comfortable components; they developed without integration to the metropolitan master plan. The aim of the paper is to examine locational preferences and planning process of high-income group housing projects and prove their effects on the transformation of urban periphery. Their effects on the land values and the role of the central and local governments on this process are examined. Furthermore, this paper attempts to make a contribution to the literature on gated communities by taking account of their spatial impacts. The main findings of paper put forward that existing high-income group housing projects became attraction points for new projects and affected on land use and transportation pattern, while becoming new threats for natural resources of metropolitan periphery.

Factors of Social Capital in Rural Settlements: Case of Hilvan

The concept of social capital, comprising social networks, norms of reciprocity and trust, has been gaining wide interest among researchers and policy makers. So it became a common concept to use social capital as a way to both describe and understand economical, political and social wellbeing of community. While the importance of social capital is highlighted in regional and rural development strategies, Turkey has gone into a fundamental restructuring process in rural and regional development policies in terms of European Union (EU) membership process. Social capital factors in rural settlements within the context of rural development in Rural area of Hilvan, has been put forth as the main theme of this paper. The paper aims to provide an overview of the concept of social capital for rural development and discusses social capital in terms of participation, trust, openness to diversity, and social-institutional networks. Potential items to measure these elements were developed in an empirical study conducted in rural area of Hilvan. Statistical analysis has been used to define factors of social capital and relation between factors and other independent variables like characteristics of rural settlements, socio-cultural structure of rural households and agricultural property and production types

Spatial Impact of New Housing Trends in the Periphery of Istanbul Metropolitan Area

Globalization had a significant effect on socio-economic and spatial changes in Istanbul as the largest city of Turkey following the trends in other cities of the world since the beginning of 1980. In this transformation process which the city center was dislocated and the land rapidly opened for new demands, while the construction sector flowed to business spaces like office blocks, department stores, and five-star hotels; construction companies that prospered ventured to major housing projects in the urban periphery. Therefore, high-income group left the city center due to low quality of life in inner-city areas caused by the drawbacks of rapid urbanization such as intensive residential areas, lack of open and green sites, traffic and parking problems, increasing crime rates. These high-income group housing areas which are brought a new sight as "gated communities”, mostly developed towards the north where the natural resources e.g. forest and water basin of Istanbul Metropolitan Area are located and became a new issue while squatter settlements are still concerned. However, they are planned as individual projects with their own security systems and modern comfortable components; they developed without integration to the metropolitan master plan. The aim of the paper is to examine locational preferences and planning process of high-income group housing projects and prove their effects on the transformation of urban periphery. Their effects on the land values and the role of the central and local governments on this process are examined. Furthermore, this paper attempts to make a contribution to the literature on gated communities by taking account of their spatial impacts. The main findings of paper put forward that existing high-income group housing projects became attraction points for new projects and affected on land use and transportation pattern, while becoming new threats for natural resources of metropolitan periphery

Cooperative Response to Urban Transformation: Lessons from Istanbul

Turkey's economy increasingly benefits from privileged trade, low wage levels and the steady influx of foreign direct investment. Capital accumulation produced by this rapid economic development has increased the land prices and triggered the reallocation of industry and trade. The effects of this tremendous transformation process are manifested mostly in larger cities of the country. In the megacity of Istanbul, government and financial investors realize ambitious infrastructure and commercial projects while in the so called centers of urban transformation centrally-located neighborhoods are becoming increasingly threatened by dispossession. This has led to criticism about the role of central government in urban development and about the lack of citizen involvement in decision-making culminating in the Gezi Park demonstrations in June 2013. In this paper we claim that in the process of urban transformation finding a compromise between commercial and community interest affords the redefinition of citizen and property rights accompanied by the emergence of a politically strong and tightly organized civil society. After a quick survey over contemporary theories of urban transformation and civil society development, we will analyze and explain current processes by which citizens organize their claims about customary, economic and political rights related to participation in planning. By means of case studies and interviews with leaders of neighborhood associations we analyze the instruments and potential of these types of civil society organizations for the inclusion of traditional and customary forms of neighborhoods into the planning and decision making in the process of urban transformation. We find that new types of neighborhood organizations aim at defending their members against forced eviction. Moreover, they organize voice thereby linking residents and local politicians. Our paper highlights the importance of securing both, economic property rights and customary residential rights of citizens for successful and sustainable conflict resolution. Our paper ends with recommendations for the development and further formalization of urban resistance movements' organized efforts to participate in the process of urban transformation. Likewise we give recommendations for the better integration of these organizations in future processes of politics and planning

Autoritärer Urbanismus enttarnt: Istanbul und Berlin im Dialog: Kommentar zu Daniela Zupan, Matthias Naumann, Gala Nettelbladt und Kristine Beurskens „Was heißt hier Widerstand? Widerständige Praktiken im Kontext von autoritärem Urbanismus“

In Form eines Dialoges zwischen Berlin und Istanbul nähern wir uns über Fragen dem urbanen Autoritarismus ebenso wie den Formen des Widerstandes dagegen an. Dabei untersuchen wir unterschiedliche Ebenen von Partizipation in beiden Städten, die die Fiktion der städtischen Homogenität aufdecken und damit infrage stellen. Überdies gehen wir auf gegenwärtige Kämpfe gegen Gentrifizierung und „Bulldozer“-Methoden in der Stadtentwicklung ein. Wir widmen uns der Frage nach der Zentralisierung von Macht sowie der Notwendigkeit von veritablen Zukunftsvisionen

Development of global prohibition regimes: pillage and rape in war.

University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. July 2008. Major: Political Science. Advisor: Kathryn Sikkink. 1 computer file (PDF); vi, 267 pages, appendices A-B.Although rape and pillage in war had been so closely related and so similarly justified, there is a 100-year gap between the prohibition of pillage (with The Hague Conventions of 1899, 1907) and the prohibition of rape (with the Rome Statute of 1998) by modern international law. The question is given that women had historically been considered the property of men, why did the prohibition regime that regulated pillage of property not include “pillage” of women? By addressing this chronological discrepancy in the development of these two prohibition regimes, this project seeks to explain two related theoretical questions: The first one is how does change happen in international relations; in particular why do states make laws binding themselves to change the ways war is conducted? The second question is what is the role of “gender” as a category in this process of change? I argue that three conditions are necessary for the emergence of a global prohibition regime: states must believe that they can comply with the prohibition because non-compliance is costly. Secondly, a normative context conducive to the idea that the particular practice is abnormal/undesirable as well as a normative shock to show this undesirability hence give the final push for the normative change are necessary. Thirdly, state and/or non-state actors actively propagating these ideas to promote the creation of a particular regime should exist. The temporal difference between the emergence of the regimes against pillage and rape reveals the role of gender in this process. By looking at the writing of The Hague Conventions (1899, 1907), the Geneva Conventions (1949), the Additional Protocols (1977) and the Rome Statute (1998), I illustrate that until the 1990s, states did not believe that they could prevent rape in war as opposed to pillage because of the gender ideology that framed rape as an inevitable byproduct of male sexuality. Plus, the exclusion of women from politics like the international law-making process meant that actors to promote change could not be effective. Hence, a normative context and a normative shock to make the prohibition of rape in war possible could not develop.Inal, Tuba. (2008). Development of global prohibition regimes: pillage and rape in war.. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://hdl.handle.net/11299/61912

Rape culture focus group transcripts

The purpose of the research was to get a picture of how Swedish youth relate to issues of sexual violence in the #metoo era. The study consisted of three focus groups with young people aged 18-23. They were shown clips from three films (Sixteen Candles, Redacted, Hip Hip Hora) in which young people interact within different contexts (such as in school) and were asked to compare the films with their own high schools or perceptions of other contexts in Swedish society. The films’ subjects revolve around gender attitudes and attitudes toward sexual harassment/violence and two of the movies are teen movies depicting the discourse around these issues in school contexts among teens. The study tries to understand whether anything changed about the conversations regarding these attitudes after metoo. The data consists of the transcriptions of the focus group interviews. Interview transcriptsSyftet med forskningen var att få en bild av hur svensk ungdom förhåller sig till frågor om sexuellt våld i metoo -eran. Studien bestod av tre fokusgrupper med unga i åldern 18-23 år. De visades klipp från tre filmer (Sixteen Candles, Redacted, Hip Hip Hora) där unga människor interagerar inom olika sammanhang (t.ex. skolan) och ombads att jämföra filmerna med sina egna gymnasieskolor eller uppfattningar om andra sammanhang i det svenska samhället. Filmernas ämnen kretsar kring könsattityder och attityder till sexuella trakasserier/våld och två av filmerna är tonårsfilmer som skildrar diskursen kring dessa frågor i skolsammanhang bland tonåringar. Studien försöker förstå om något förändrats i samtalen kring dessa attityder efter metoo. Data består av transkriptionerna av fokusgruppsintervjuerna. Intervjutranskrip

Regional Structure of Social Capital and Civil Society in Turkey

Civil Society can be defined as the ability of organizations and individuals with civic consciousness to cope with social problems. It is also accepted as a source of regional development. Social capital plays an important role in civil society through the trust, norms and networks that facilitate actions and the effectiveness of society. In this context, the structure of civil society in the NUTS II regions of Turkey has been put forth as the main theme of this paper. Indicators defining civil society according to the social capital literature have been produced by primary and secondary data and grouped under specific headings through factor analysis. Accordingly, the indicators that define civil society have been categorized under three basic components: Sociality, Charity and Active Participation. Weight coefficients of factor analysis have been used in deriving the civil society index for NUTS II regions. Thus, the regional distribution of a civil society index consisting of three sub-indices was evaluated. Findings of the analysis reveal the differences between eastern and western regions of Turkey and metropolitan cities

Development Process Of Luxury Housing Projects And Their Effects On Istanbul Metropolitan Area Since 1980

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2002Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2002Tüm dünyada yaşanan küreselleşme süreci, Türkiye’yi ve ülkenin en büyük kenti olan İstanbul’u ekonomik, sosyal ve mekansal açıdan etkilemiştir. Özellikle İstanbul’da bazı alanlar bankacılık ve finans hizmetlerinin yer aldığı prestij alanlarına dönüşürken; ekonomik politikalarla büyüyen üst gelir grubuna hitap eden konut projeleri de hızla artmaya başlamıştır. 1980 sonrasının yeni yaşam tarzını oluşturan bu lüks konut projelerinin; yer seçim kriterleri, plan ve gelişme süreçleri ve kent çeperlerindeki gelişim üzerindeki etkileri tezin konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Tezin amacı, İstanbul metropoliten kent çeperinde gelişen lüks konut alanlarının genel özellikleri ile birlikte yer seçim kararlarını ve gelişme süreçlerini inceleyerek bulundukları bölgede oluşan potansiyeli ortaya koymaktır. Metropoliten kent çeperinde, altyapı ve ulaşım olanaklarını geliştirerek bu alandaki gelişmeyi yönlendiren projelerin yerel yönetim ve merkezi idare ile ilişkileri, çevredeki arazi kullanımı ve arazi değerlerine etkileri de tezin inceleme konuları arasında yer almaktadır. Bu bilgilere ulaşmak için kent çeperlerindeki nüfus gelişimi, belde belediyelerinin oluşumu incelenmiş ve lüks konut projelerinin yapımcı firmalarıyla ve firmaların pazarlama ve satış bölümleri ile anket-mülakatlar yapılmış ve değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak; metropoliten kent çeperinde gelişen lüks konut alanlarının;  Yer seçimi ve gelişimi, arazi kullanımı ve ulaşım ilişkilerinden etkilenirken aynı zamanda arazi kullanımı ve ulaşım kararlarını da yönlendirdiği,  Hem yatırımcı hem de kullanıcının tercihi ile yeni konut projeleri için çekim unsuru oluşturduğu,  Projelerin geliştiği alanların, belde belediyesi olarak Büyükşehir belediyesinden ayrılmasının yatırım sürecini hızlandırdığı ve  Lüks konut alanlarının yakın çevrelerinde arazi değerlerini arttırdığı ortaya konmuştur.Globalization, in 1980s had a significant effect on social, economical and spatial changes in İstanbul as the largest city of Turkey. Development of sectors such as banking and financial services formed a series of prestigious areas and luxury housing projects in İstanbul. These luxury housing projects mostly developed towards the north where the natural resources of İstanbul Metropolitan Area are located. However, they are planned as individual projects with their own security systems, modern comfortable components, they developed without connection to the metropolitan master plan. Luxury housing areas and their general characteristics, locational preferences, planning process and their effects on the development of urban land use are the main themes of this thesis. The aim of this thesis is to examine locational preferences and planning process of luxury housing areas and prove their effects on the transformation of urban periphery and land use. Their effects on the land values, land use, transportation, infrastructure and their relations to the local and central administrative units are also the examined through thesis. While the appereance of the new municipalities, growth and change of population are analyzed in İstanbul metropoliten area, interviews were conducted with the construction firms and their sale offices in order to test the hypotheses. Findings of this thesis indicate as followings;  Development of luxury housing affected by land use and ınfrastructure in the metropolitan area, vice versa,  Existing luxury housing projects became attraction points for new projects,  Independency of new municipalities has caused to increase the speed of investment process on luxury housing,  Luxruy housing projects have caused an increase in the land value of their neigbourhood,Yüksek LisansM.Sc

Networks of solidarity within the community based organizations struggling for Beyoğlu - Istanbul

Proceedings of the IV World Planning Schools Congress, July 3-8th, 2016 : Global crisis, planning and challenges to spatial justice in the north and in the southDepending on David Harvey’s work; built environment is produced by the accumulation and organization of capital and urban environment was also built, and is continuously destroyed and rebuilt, for the sake of creating a more efficient arena for circulation. This process of “creative destruction” is accelerating and is clearly visible in many cities around the globe (Harvey, 2008, 2013). Accordingly; urban space became both a commodity to reproduce capital and a subject of collective struggle in many countries like Turkey. On the other hand; research on urban movements commonly presents that; governing cities and particularly urban public land will gain importance since movements to protect the existing environment against rampant construction frequently succeeded (Mayer, 2012). Furthermore they have the potential to congregate local groups together in global coalitions in which people gather on a common ground for a better life claiming for their right to the city. The metropolis of Istanbul where the research carried out, is one of the most dynamic cities of Turkey and also a city that these urban re-development politics and struggles revealed itself the most. Considering Istanbul, the practices of urban transformation and privatization of public urban land have led to criticism about the role of central government in urban development. Also the lack of citizen involvement in decision-making has led to the formation of a number of community-based organizations (grassroots). “Neighborhood organizations” and “solidarity groups” (initiatives) have become an increasingly important part of politics and civil society.publishedVersio