Imaging Methods in the Diagnosis of Optic Disc Drusen

Optic disc drusen (ODD) are benign congenital anomalies of the optic nerve characterized by calcified hyaline bodies. While superficial drusen can be diagnosed easily during fundus examination, detecting buried drusen requires the use of additional imaging methods such as B-scan ultrasonography (USG), fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), computed tomography (CT) and fundus autofluorescence (FAF). ODD can be detected by USG with the presentation of highly reflective round structures. ODD appear as hyperautofluorescent areas on FAF and bright spots on CT scans. FFA can be helpful in differentiating ODD from true optic disc edema. Optic disc edema shows early hyperfluorescence due to diffuse leakage whereas ODD presents as well-defined hyperfluorescence in the late phase. In recent years, it has been reported that optical coherence tomography (OCT) examination has allowed more detailed evaluation of ODD and yielded useful findings for the differentiation of optic disc edema from ODD. In this review, the role of OCT in the diagnosis of ODD is discussed

Fonksiyonel endoskopik sinüs cerrahisinin oftalmik komplikasyonlarının tedavisi

Orbital complications of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) may cause irreversible damage to the orbital structures, including optic nerve, extraocular muscles, and lacrimal drainage system. The clinical diagnosis and management of these patients may be extremely difficult because of the complexity and severity of the injuries. We describe a patient with ocular motility disturbances, anisocoria, and optic neuropathy in the right eye secondary to FESS. Early medical and surgical intervention resulted in symptom resolution.Fonksiyonel endoskopik sinüs cerrahisi (FESS), optik sinir, göz dışı kasları ve gözyaşı drenaj sistemini de içeren orbita yapılarında geriye dönüşümsüz hasara yol açabilir. Bu hasarın karmaşıklığı ve ciddiyeti nedeniyle klinik tanı ve tedavi son derece zor olabilir. Bu makalede kronik sinüzit için FESS uygulanan ve erken post-operatif dönemde çift görme şikayeti ve sağ gözde anizokori, optik nöropati tespit edilen hastanin erken tıbbi ve cerrahi müdahale ile belirtilerinin düzelmesi anlatılmaktadır

Assessment of dental fear in children with molar-incisor hypomineralization

© 2022 Polish Dental AssociationIntroduction: Dental fear is a common unpleasant emotional response that occurs in situations related to dental treatment. Since children affected by molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) receive much more dental treatment than their healthy peers, these children may have more dental fear and behavioral problems. Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the relation between the presence and severity of MIH and dental fear. Material and methods: Study group involved a sample of 127 children, aged between 8 and 12 years with MIH, showing a high-risk of caries, and 99 children were included into control group. In the wake of intra-oral examination according to the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry guideline and DMFT/dmft indices, Children’s Fear Survey Schedule – Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) was applied to each child. Mean value of independent groups for normally distributed data was compared using independent samples t-test. Spearman’s correlation was applied for correlations between DMFT/dmft scores and CFSS-DS scores. P-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The final number of individuals affected by MIH in this study was 127 with approximately equal numbers for each age group. The mean CFSS-DS scores were 31.41 ± 10.73 for the MIH-group, and 31.60 ± 6.21 for the controls, respectively. The mean values did not differ significantly between children with and without MIH (p = 0.870). There were also no statistically significant differences in severe MIH (31.38 ± 10.93) compared with the control group (31.60 ± 6.21) (p = 0.890). Conclusions: The study’s findings revealed that there is no relation between the existence and severity of MIH and dental fear

The Evaluation of Macular Thickness Changes Measured by Optic Coherens Tomography After Uneventful Phacoemulsification Surgery in Patients with and without Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome

Pur po se: To evaluate the changes in macular thickness measured with Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) following uneventful phacoemulsification surgery in patients with and without pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PES). Ma te ri al and Met hod: 76 eyes of 68 patients planned for phacoemulsification surgery were included in our prospective study. The patients were divided into two groups: Group A - 38 eyes with PES and Group B - 38 eyes without additional pathology. Cases with peroperative complication were not included. At the end of the surgery, ultrasound time (UST), effective phaco time (EPT) and the average percentage phaco power (AVG) were noted. Ophthalmologic examination was performed and macular thickness was measured by FD-OCT at 1 week, 1 and 6 months after surgery. Age, EPT, UST, AVG and macula thickness changes with OCT were statistically evaluated using student’s t-test and Mann-Whitney U test. Re sults: The mean age was 71.2±9.01 years; 33 patients (48.5%) were female and 35 (51.5%) - male. There was no statistically significant difference in age, EPT, UST, AVG values between the groups (p>0.05). There was no statistically significant increase in central macular thickness, foveal, parafoveal and perifoveal macular thickness at first week in both groups (p>0.05). Perifoveal and parafoveal macular thicknesses in the PES group were found statistically lower than in the control group at first and sixth months (p: 0.006, p: 0.010, p: 0.036, p: 0.009). Dis cus si on: PES was not found to be a risk factor for subclinical macular thickness increase or cystoid macular edema after uneventful phacoemulsification surgery. (Turk J Ophthalmol 2012; 42: 321-5

Contrast sensitivity functions in the normal eyes of amblyopia

İstanbul Bilim Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi.Amaç: Strabismik ve anizometropik ambliyop olgularda sağlam gözde kontrast duyarlılık fonksiyonlarının değerlendirilmesi. Gereç ve Yöntem: Kontrast duyarlılık fonksiyonları 20 strabismik, 20 anizometropik ambliyop hasta ve 10 normal kontrol grubundaki olguların her iki gözünde değerlendirildi. Kontrast duyarlılık, “Functional Acuity Contrast Test” ile ölçüldü. Tüm sonuçlar istatistiksel olarak korelasyon analizi ve ki-kare testi ile incelendi. Bulgular: Yaş ortalaması strabismik ambliyoplarda 8,9 anizometropik ambliyopda 8,7 kontrol grubunda 12,3 idi (p>0,05). Olguların tashihli görme keskinliği ortalaması amblyopik göz için strabismik ambliyoplarda 0,46, anizometropik ambliyoplarda ise 0,41 idi (p>0,05). Sağlam gözlerdeki kontrast duyarlılık fonksiyonları kontrol hastaları ile karşılaştırıldığında daha düşük değerler gösterdi (p>0,05). Sağlam gözlerde düşük uzaysal frekanslarda normal sınırlarda kontrast duyarlılık ölçülürken yüksek uzaysal frekanslarda ise strabismik ambliyopların %50’sinde (10 olgu), anizometropik ambliyopların %70’inde (14 olgu) azalma saptandı (p>0,05). Sonuç: Amblyop olguların sağlam gözlerinin normal olmadığı şaşı ve anizometrop amblyoplar arasında kontrast duyarlılık seviyesinde anlamlı fark olmadığı sonucuna vardık. kontrast duyarlılık fonksiyonlarının değerlendirilmesi görme fonksiyonları ile ilgili önemli bilgi sağlamakta olup amblyop hastaların takibinde faydalı olabileceğine inanmaktayızObjective: To evaluate the contrast sensitivity functions in good eyes of strabismic and anisometropic amblyopic subjects. Material and methods: Contrast sensitivity was assessed on both eyes of 20 strabismic, 20 anisometropic amblyopic and 10 normal control patients. Contrast sensitivity was measured with Functional Acuity Contrast Test. Correlation analysis and student t test was used for statistical analysis. Results: Mean age was 8,9 in strabismic ambliyopes 8,7 in anisometropic ambliyopes and 12,3 in control group (p>0,05). Mean corrected visual acuity for amblyopic eyes was 0,46 in strabismic ambliyopes and 0,41 in anisometropic ambliyopes (p>0,05). Contrast sensitivity functions from good eyes demonstrated lower values compared with control patients (p>0,05). While normal contrast sensitivity function in low spatial frequencies on good eyes was measured, decreased contrast sensitivity values in high spatial frequencies on good eyes were measured in 50% (10 cases) of strabismic amblyopes and 70% (14 cases) of anisometropic amblyopes (p>0,05). Conclusion: We conclude that the good eye is not normal and there was no statistically significant difference in contrast sensitivity values between strabismic and anisometropic amblyopes. We believe in that the assessment of contrast sensitivity functions can provide important information on the visual function and can be useful in follow-up of amblyopic patients

Ocular Motility Improvement in Crouzon Syndrome after Neurosurgical Intervention Without Strabismic Operation

We report a case of craniosynostosis showing spontaneous improvement in presumed superior oblique palsy and V-pattern exotropia in long-term follow-up. A 3-year-old girl who presented with head-face anomaly, V-pattern exotropia and abnormal head posture was admitted to our clinic. The diagnosis of Crouzon syndrome was established, and bilateral coronal suture excision and decompression were made by neurosurgeons. After the cranial operation, the patient was followed up for 6 years without further cranial or strabismic operation. At the end of this period, we observed that corrected visual acuity was 20/20 in both eyes and her ocular deviation disappeared in all gaze positions. Strabismus in craniosynostosis may be related to anatomical malposition of the rectus muscles. Spontaneous improvement in ocular deviation may occur, therefore, this possibility must be considered in the planning of surgical intervention. (Turk J Oph thal mol 2012; 42: 306-9